MODEMS AND ISDN

Guide: Mrs.Heena kauser

By Johnson.A.P (1hk06is017)

OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION TO MODEMS FEATURES OF MODEMS WORKING OF MODEMS TYPES OF MODEMS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS OF MODEMS

INTRODUCTION TO ISDN FEATURES OF ISDN BASIC SETUP OF ISDN TYPES OF ISDN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATIONS OF ISDN

INTRODUCTION
Modem stands for MOdulator/DEModulator.

Modulator converts digital information to Analog information..

Demodulator converts analog information to Digital information.

Features of modems
Voice over Data Speed Auto Dial /Redial: Auto Answer Self-Testing Synchronous Asynchronous Transmission

HOW DOES A MODEM WORK?

Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic
or optical signal carrier. Common modulation methods include: Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) delayed temporarily

Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic
circuit used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave

Digital to analog conversion: Converts digital information to

analog information.

Analog to digital conversion: Converts anolog information

to digital information.

Other functions in modem

DATA COMPRESSION: Transmission of many bits of data at the same time. ERROR CORRECTION: Modems verify if the information sent to them has been undamaged during the transfer.

FLOW CONTROL: The receiving modem to tell the other to pause while it catches up..

DATA BUFFERING: It is done using a UART. A UART is an integrated circuit that converts parallel input into serial output.

PARALLEL TO SERIAL CONVERSION

TYPES OF MODEMS
Modems are widely classified into two types: Internal Modems External modems: External modems are further classified into three types oDSL modems oCable modems oWireless modems

INTERNAL MODEMS
An internal modem is a device installed inside a desktop or laptop, allowing the computer to communicate over a network with other connected computers. There are two types of internal modems Dial-up Wi-Fi(wireless).

EXTERNAL MODEMS
A self-contained modem that is connected to the serial or USB port of a computer. External modems have their own power supply and connect with a cable to a computer's serial port. The telephone line plugs into a socket on the rear panel of the modem.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) MODEM:

(DSL) modem is exclusively used for connections from a telephone switching office to the user. DSL technology is made possible by the fact that a normal telephone line is made up of two copper wires to carry voice calls, in the form of analog data. However, the two lines have the capacity to transmit even more than just phone conversations. DSL modem technology is designed to take advantage of this extra capacity to transmit digital data.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DSL

ADSL - Asymmetric DSL HDSL - High bit-rate DSL IDSL - ISDN over DSL RADSL - Rate-adaptive DSL SDSL - Symmetric DSL VDSL - Very high bit-rate DSL

ADSL - Asymmetric DSL

ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) is a type of DSL where the upstream and downstream bandwidth are assigned different amounts of bandwidth. Typical configurations today are 2Mb downstream and 128Kb upstream. A special filter, called a micro filter, is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to allow both ADSL and regular voice (telephone) services to be used at the same time.

Downstream(2mbps)

SERVER

Upstream(128 kbps)

LOCAL USER

HDSL (High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line)

High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) was the first DSL technology to use a higher frequency spectrum of copper, twisted pair cables. As a better technology for high-speed, synchronous circuits typically used to interconnect local exchange carrier systems, and also to carry high-speed corporate data links and voice channels, using T1 lines.

A T1 line refers to a specific type of copper or fiber optic telephone line that can carry Downstream(2mbps) more data than traditional telephone lines. A T1 line can carry 24 digitized voice channels, or it can carry data at a rate of 1.544 megabits per second.

Upstream(128 kbps)

LOCAL USER

SDSL (Symmetric DSL)

It is a service that offers upstream and downstream data rates at the same speed. SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is used in Europe and has the same data rates for downstream and upstream transmission which is 128 Kbits/s. Downstream(128Kbps) Downstream(2mbps)

SERVER

Upstream(128 kbps) Upstream(128 kbps)

LOCAL USER LOCAL USER

RADSL (Rate-adaptive DSL) RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL) is an ADSL technology in which software is able to
5 determine the rate at which signals can be transmitted on a given customer phone line and adjust the delivery rate accordingly. System uses RADSL to deliver from 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream and from 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream over an existing line. Downstream(2mbps)

Upstream(128 kbps)

LOCAL USER

IDSL (ISDN over DSL)

ISDN-based technology to provide a data communication channel across existing copper telephone lines. The benefits of IDSL over ISDN are that IDSL provides always-on connections and transmits data via a data network rather than the carrier's voice network.

DSL Type

Description

Data Rate Downstream; Upstream

Distance Limit

Application

IDSL

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line 128 Kbps

18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire

Similar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line)
T1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company; WAN, LAN, server access

HDSL

High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line

1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines; 2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines

12,000 feet on 24 gauge wire

SDSL

Symmetric DSL

1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps ( 12,000 feet on 24 Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and gauge wire upstream

Same as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream; 16 to 640 Kbps upstream

1.544 Mbps at 18,000 feet; 2.048 Mbps at 16,000 Used for Internet and Web access, feet; motion video, video on demand, 6.312 Mpbs at 12,000 remote LAN access feet; 8.448 Mbps at 9,000 feet

RADSL

Rate-Adaptive DSL

Adapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream

Not provided 4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps; 3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps

Similar to ADSL

VDSL

12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream; Very high Digital Subscriber 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream; Line 1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream

ATM networks; Fiber to the Neighborhood

CABLE MODEMS
The cable modem uses a coaxial cable television lines to provide a greater bandwidth than the dial-up computer modem. An extremely fast access to the Web is providing by the cable modem with downstream transmission up to 38 Mbits/s and an upstream transmission up to 1 Mbits/s.

Downstream(2mbps)

Upstream(128 kbps)

LOCAL USER

5.5 WIRELESS MODEMS

Wireless modem is a type of modem which connects to a wireless network instead of to the telephone system. Wireless modems operate at speeds comparable to dialup modems, not anywhere near the speed of broadband Internet connections. Wireless modem interfaces include PCMCIA, Compact Flash, USB and Serial Port. Networks which support wireless modems include: CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

ADVANTAGES OF MODEMS
s
INTERNAL MODEMS: Internal modems fit inside your computer.

EXTERNAL MODEMS:
They are easier to troubleshoot. They can be used on any brand of computer.

CABLE MODEMS:
A cable modem will provide you with rapid download transmission speeds. A cable modem provides a continual connection to the Internet. The service will not be interrupted or receive external static since the outer layer of the cable line will not allow any noise to enter the transmission line.

DSL MODEMS:

Independent services: Loss of high speed data does not mean you lose your telephone service. Imagine your telephone, television, and Internet access going out when a cable company amplifier/repeater dies. Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so that it will not be on the same network. Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM, Nx64, and WAN technology. High bandwidth
WIRELESS MODEMS:

The wireless nature of such networks allows user to access network resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment(home or office). With emergency of public wireless networks, users can access the internet even outside their normal work environment.

Disadvantages of modems
INTERNAL MODEMS: Same internal modem cannot be used for all brand of computer They are present internally. Hence they take up a slot inside your computer. EXTERNAL MODEMS: Since they are present externally they occupy additional desktop space. They are more expensive compared to internal modems. They require addition power supply. CABLE MODEMS: The first and foremost con is that getting this technology is difficult, its not widely available. With the increasing number of customers the amount of bandwidth decreases and makes the connections slower as the system tries to accommodate the needs of every user in the network. DSL MODEMS: Expensive: Distance dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer), the lower the data rate. The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a little over 3 miles. Asymmetry. Downstream/Upstream ratios may be unacceptably high (3 or more Reliability and potential down time issues makes DSL a very risky choice for mission critical systems unless backup / fail over links are put in place. Access: Once again, rural areas get shorted.

Introduction to ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communications standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network.
The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. PSTN (public switched telephone network) is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit-switched voice communication. Circuit switching network is one that establishes a circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users. may communicate

FEATURES OF ISDN
It builds on groups of standard transmission channels. Bearer channels (or B channels) transmit user information at relatively high speeds, while separate Data channels (or D channels) carry call set-up, signaling and other information. It handles all types of information Voice, data, studio-quality sound, still and moving images. It handles many devices and many telephone numbers, on the same line. Up to 8 separate telephones, fax machines or computers. Up to 64 "call appearances" of the same or different telephone numbers. It supports up to three calls at the same time. Two voice, fax or PC "conversations," and one data "conversation It offers variable, responsive transmission speeds. Two or more channels can be combined, broken down and reassembled.

BASIC SETUP OF ISDN

Terminal adapter or TA is a device that connects a terminal (computer) to the ISDN network.

Motorola Terminal Adapter

A Network Termination (NT) is a device connecting the customer's data or telephone equipment to the local exchange carrier's line. The NT device provides a connection for terminal equipment (TE) and terminal adapter (TA) equipment to the local loop.

BENSCE Network Termination

TYPES OF ISDN SERVICE

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
BASIC RATE INTERFACE(BRI): Basic Rate Interface(BRI) - consists of two 64 kb/s B channels and one 16 kb/s D channel for a total of 144 kb/s. The U interface for BRI is a 2-wire, 160 kb/s digital connection. Echo cancellation is used to reduce noise,

PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE: Primary Rate Interface (PRI) which is intended for users with greater capacity requirements. Typically the channel structure is 23 B channels plus one 64 kb/s D channel for a total of 1536 kb/s.

ADVANTAGES OF ISDN
SPEED: There is an upper limit to the amount of information that an analog telephone line can hold. Currently, it is about 56 kb/s bidirectional.
MULTIPLE CHANNEL: ISDN allows multiple digital channels to be operated simultaneously through the same regular phone wiring used for analog lines. MULTIPLE DEVICES: ISDN allows multiple devices to share a single line. It is possible to combine many different digital data sources and have the information routed to the proper destination. SIGNALING: Instead of the phone company sending a ring voltage signal to ring the bell on the phone, it sends a digital packet on a separate channel.

DISADVANTAGES OF ISDN

More expensive than the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS). The telephone company and the remote computer both need specialized equipment. As your site only has dial-up connectivity, you cannot make resources on your network permanently available to other Internet users. Email delivery would be slightly more irregular than a permanent Diginet connection .

APPLICATIONS OF ISDN
Video conferencing:
Internet Fax Answering Machine Voice Recorder Mailbox File Transfer

High speed data transfer Internet Fax Answering Machine Voice Recorder Mailbox File Transfer Remote vieo servalliance

CONCLUSION
ISDN is an underlying technology, which provides cost- effective networking through the public telephone networks. ISDN is an important step forward in the adaptation of the network to handle the increasing global demand for computer-to computer data communications.
ISDN brings us closer to the goal of a ubiquitous multi-service network, integrating voice, data, video and image.

BIBILOGRAPHY