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Endocrine System

CHAPTER 13

Endocrine System Overview


Endocrine system
Consists of ductless glands
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Affect the function of specific body organs
Regulates many intricate body functions
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Pituitary Gland
Referred to as "master gland
Secretes hormones that control functions of
other glands
Known as hypophysis
Has two distinct lobes with specific functions

Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland = Adenohypophysis
Secretes Growth Hormone (GH)
Also called Somatotropic Hormone (STH)
Regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body
tissues
Secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates normal growth and development of
adrenal cortex and secretion of corticosteroids

Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Secretes Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Promotes and maintains normal growth and
development of the thyroid gland
Stimulates secretions of the thyroid hormones
Secretes Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
Also called Prolactin
Promotes development of breasts during
pregnancy
Stimulates secretion of milk from breasts after
delivery of baby

Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Secretes Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates secretion of estrogen and production of
eggs in the female ovaries
Stimulates production of sperm in the male testes
Secretes Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates female ovulation and the secretion of
testosterone in the male
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Controls intensity of pigmentation in pigmented
cells of the skin

Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland = Neurohypophysis
Secretes Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Decreases excretion of large amounts of urine
ncreases reabsorption of water by the renal tubules
Secretes Oxytocin (OT)
Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth
Stimulates release of milk from the breasts of lactating
women in response to the suckling reflex of the infant

Pineal Gland
Tiny, pinecone-shaped gland
Located behind dorsal aspect of midbrain
region
Plays a part in supporting body's biological
clock
Regulation of patterns of eating, sleeping, and
reproduction
Secretes melatonin
nduces sleep

Thyroid Gland
Located in front of the neck just below
the larynx, on either side of the trachea
Consists of a right and left lobe
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Thyroid Gland
Secretes Triiodothyronine (T3)
Helps regulate growth and development of
body
Helps control metabolism and temperature
Secretes Thyroxine (T)
Helps maintain normal body metabolism
Secretes Calcitonin
Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood
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Parathyroid Glands
Four tiny rounded bodies located on dorsal
aspect of thyroid gland
Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Also known as parathormone
Regulates level of calcium in blood
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Thymus
Single gland located in mediastinum near
the middle of the chest, just beneath
sternum
Large in fetus and infants, shrinks with age
Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin
Stimulates production of T cells that are involved in
the immune response
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Adrenal Glands
Two small glands, one positioned atop
each kidney
Also known as suprarenal glands
Consists of an adrenal cortex and an adrenal
medulla
Each has independent functions
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate how mineral salts (electrolytes) are
processed in the body
Glucocorticoids
nfluence metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins in the body
Necessary for maintaining normal blood pressure
Have an anti-inflammatory effect on the body
ncrease glucose available during "fight-or-flight
responses by the body
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex secretes
Gonadocorticoids
Sex hormones secreted in small amounts
Contribute to secondary sex characteristics in
males and females
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines
Epinephrine = adrenaline
Sympathiomimetic agent
ncreases heart rate and force of heart muscle
contraction
Dilates bronchioles in the lungs
Decreases peristalsis in the intestines
Raises blood glucose levels by causing the liver to
convert glycogen into glucose
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal medulla secretes
Norepinephrine = noradrenaline
Known as a sympathomimetic agent
Produces a vasoconstrictor effect on the blood
vessels, thereby raising blood pressure
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Pancreas
Elongated gland located in upper left
quadrant of the abdomen
Behind the stomach
Extends horizontally across the body
Beginning at first part of small intestines and
ending at edge of spleen
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Pancreas
slets of Langerhans secrete:
Glucagon
ncreases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver
to convert glycogen into glucose when blood sugar
is extremely low
nsulin
Makes it possible for glucose to pass from blood
through cell membranes to be used for energy
Promotes conversion of excess glucose into
glycogen for storage in the liver for later use
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Ovaries
Female sex glands = female gonads
Pair of almond shaped glands
Located in upper pelvic cavity, on either side of
lateral wall of uterus
Near fimbriated ends of the fallopian tubes
Responsible for producing mature ova and
releasing them at monthly intervals during
ovulation
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Ovaries
Hormones secreted by the ovaries
Estrogen
Promotes maturation of ovum in the ovary
Stimulates vascularization of uterine lining each
month to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg
Contributes to secondary sex characteristic
changes in female with onset of puberty
Progesterone
Primarily responsible for changes within the uterus
in anticipation of a fertilized ovum
Responsible for development of maternal placenta
after implantation of a fertilized ovum

Testes
Testes = male gonads = testicles
Two small ovoid glands located in scrotum
Primary organs of male reproductive system
Responsible for production of sperm and
secretion of androgens (male steroid
hormones)
Secrete testosterone
Responsible for secondary sex characteristic
changes that occur in male with onset of puberty
Responsible for maturation of sperm
PATHOLOGCAL CONDTONS
Pituitary Gland

Acromegaly
Pronounced
(ak-roh-MEG-ah-lee)
Defined
Chronic metabolic condition characterized by
the gradual, noticeable enlargement and
elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and
extremities, due to hypersecretion of the
human growth hormone after puberty

Diabetes nsipidus
Pronounced
(dye-ah-EE-teez in-SIP-ih-dus)
Defined
Deficiency in secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) by posterior pituitary gland
Characterized by large amounts of urine and
sodium being excreted from the body

Dwarfism
Pronounced
(#-ism)
Defined
Generalized growth retardation of body due to
deficiency of human growth hormone
Also known as congenital hypopituitarism or
hypopituitarism

Gigantism
Pronounced
(E-gan-tizm)
Defined
Proportional overgrowth of body's tissue due
to hypersecretion of human growth hormone
before puberty

Hypopituitarism
Pronounced
(-poh-pih-%-ih-tah-rizm)
Defined
Complex syndrome resulting from absence or
deficiency of pituitary hormone(s)
PATHOLOGCAL CONDTONS
Thyroid Gland
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Cancer, Thyroid Gland
Pronounced
(-sir, %IG-royd gland)
Defined
Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland
Leads to dysfunction of gland and inadequate
or excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
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Goiter, Simple; Nontoxic
Pronounced
(G-ter simple; nontoxic)
Defined
Hyperplasia of thyroid gland
Results from a deficient amount of iodine in diet,
required for synthesis of T3 and T, thyroid
hormones produced by the thyroid gland
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Pronounced
(-per-%IG-royd-izm)
Defined
Hypertrophy of thyroid gland resulting in
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
Causes extremely high body metabolism, thus
creating multisystem changes
Graves' Disease
(Hyperthyroidism)
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Graves' Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Three distinguishing characteristics
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid gland enlargement (goiter)
Exophthalmia
Unnatural protruding of the eyes
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Hypothyroidism
Pronounced
(-poh-%IG-royd-izm)
Defined
Condition in which there is a shortage of
thyroid hormone causing an extremely low
body metabolism due to a reduced usage of
oxygen
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Hypothyroidism
Most severe form known as myxedema
Water retention all over body in connective
tissues
Person has puffy appearance and thick
tongue
Reduced metabolic rate
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Thyroiditis
(Hashimoto's)
Pronounced
(thigh-royd-EE-tis)
(S-ee-moh-%)
Defined
Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland,
leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Thyrotoxicosis
(Thyroid Storm)
Pronounced
(9-roh-toks-ih--sis)
Defined
Acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity
of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive
secretion of thyroid hormone
PATHOLOGCAL CONDTONS
Parathyroid Gland
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Hyperparathyroidism
(Hypercalcemia)
Pronounced
(-per-pair-ah-%IG-royd-izm)
(high-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah)
Defined
Overactivity of any one of the parathyroid
glands
Leads to high levels of calcium in blood and
low levels of calcium in bones
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Hypoparathyroidism
Pronounced
(-poh-pair-ah-%IG-royd-izm)
Defined
Decreased production of parathyroid hormone
resulting in hypocalcemia
Characterized by nerve and muscle weakness
with muscle spasms or tetany
PATHOLOGCAL CONDTONS
Adrenal Glands

Addison's Disease
Pronounced
(-ih-sons dih-EE)
Defined
Life-threatening disease process due to failure
of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate
mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
Resulting from an autoimmune process, a
neoplasm, an infection, or a hemorrhage in the
gland
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Pronounced
(P#E-mary al-doss-S%I#-ohn-izm)
Defined
Condition characterized by excretion of
excessive amounts of aldosterone
Leads to an increased volume of blood and
hypertension
Causes body to retain extra sodium and excrete
extra potassium
Conn's Disease
(Primary Aldosteronism)

Cushing's Syndrome
Pronounced
(&S-ings SI-drom)
Defined
Cluster of symptoms in the adrenal gland as a
result of an excessive amount of cortisol or
ACTH circulating in blood

Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Symptoms
Central obesity
Round "moon face
Edema
Hypertension
Supraclavicular fat pads (buffalo hump)
Muscular weakness and wasting
Skin infection
Poor wound healing
Low potassium level
Emotional changes

Pheochromocytoma
Pronounced
(fee-oh-kro-moh-sigh-%-mah)
Defined
Vascular tumor of adrenal medulla
Produces extra epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Leads to persistent or intermittent
hypertension and heart palpitations

Virilism
Pronounced
('EE#-il-izm)
Defined
Development of male secondary sex
characteristics in the female due to the
excessive secretion of adrenocortical
androgens from the adrenal cortex

Virilism
Virilism
Symptoms
Excessive hair on the body and face (hirsutism)
Absence of menstruation
Deepening of the voice
Acne
Oily skin
Muscular hypertrophy
Atrophy of the breasts and uterus
Ovarian changes
PATHOLOGCAL CONDTONS
Pancreas
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Diabetes Mellitus
Pronounced
(dye-ah-EE-teez MELL-ih-tus)
Defined
Disorder of pancreas in which beta cells of
islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to
produce an adequate amount of insulin
Results in body's inability to appropriately
metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
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Diabetes Mellitus
Classifications
Type Diabetes
Formerly known as nsulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (DDM)
Usually occurs before age of 30
Sudden onset
Controlled with insulin injections
ndividuals are prone to developing ketosis

Diabetes Mellitus
Classifications
Type Diabetes
Formerly known as Non-nsulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (NDDM)
Usually appears in adults after age of 0
Majority of these individuals are obese
Usually controlled through diet and exercise
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Diabetic Retinopathy
Pronunciation
(dye-ah-E%-ik ret-in-P-ah-thee)
Defined
Disorder of blood vessels of retina in which
capillaries of the retina undergo localized
areas of bulging (microaneurysms),
hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring
Consequence of -10 year duration of diabetes
mellitus

Gestational Diabetes
Pronounced
(jess-%-shun-al dye-ah-EE-teez)
Defined
Disorder in which women who are not diabetic
before pregnancy develop diabetes during the
pregnancy
nability to metabolize carbohydrates
Results in hyperglycemia

Pancreatic Cancer
Pronounced
(5an-kree-%-ik -sir)
Defined
Life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm
typically found in head of pancreas

Pancreatitis
Pronounced
(5an-kree-ah-%E-tis)
Defined
Acute or chronic destructive inflammatory
condition of the pancreas
Creates symptoms that vary from mild self-limiting
pancreatic edema to massive necrotizing
hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
Endocrine System

Thyroid function tests


Tests that measure blood levels of hormones
T3, T, and TSH
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Blood
Test
Measures concentration of TSH in blood
Used to differentiate primary hypothyroidism from
secondary hypothyroidism
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)


Blood glucose sample taken usually early in
the morning after the person has been without
food or drink since midnight
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
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Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
Test that evaluates person's ability to tolerate
a concentrated oral glucose load by
measuring glucose levels:
Prior to glucose administration
30 minutes after glucose administration
1, , and 3 hours after glucose administration
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
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Radioactive odine Uptake (RAU) Test
Thyroid function test
Evaluates function of thyroid gland
Administers radioactive iodine
Places gamma ray detector over thyroid
gland
Determines percentage of radioactive iodine
absorbed by gland over specific time periods
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures

Serum Glucose Tests


Tests that measure amount of glucose in
blood at time sample was drawn
Thyroid Echogram (Ultrasound)
Examination to distinguish solid thyroid
nodules from cystic nodules
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
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Thyroid scan
Examination to determine position, size,
shape, and physiological function of thyroid
gland through use of radionuclear scanning
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures

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