Electrical Protection

By: Eng.Mahmoud Mostafa Aiad - S.O.P.C

Course components:

 :
:Normal .1 () .
:Fault .2 .
:Relay .3
(.)Abnormal
:NOC (Normally Open Contact) .4 .
:NOC (Normally Closed Contact) .5 .
Primary Relays .6 : .
Secondary Relays .7 :
.
Electromagnetic Relays .8 :
.
Static Relays .9 :

( )Slave devices .
Main relays .10 : .
Backup Relays .11 :
.

 :
Selectivity .12 :
.
Sensitivity .13 : .
Operating time .14 :
.
Instantaneous Relay .15 : .

Time delay relay .16 : .

:Over current relays .17
.
:Definite Time Relay .18 .

:Inverse Time relay .19

(.)I.T=K

Voltage

Current

Frequency

Volt

Current

Frequency

Under Voltage

Under Current

Under Frequency

Over Voltage

Over Current

Over Frequency

Phase Sequence

Short circuit

Harmonic frequencies

Phase losses

Earth fault

Surge voltage

Current Direction
Un balance current

Elements to be Protected:
:

Protection system components:

:

Protection System

Action

Interface

Sense

PT

CT

Purpose of Protection System:

:

:
.
.
.
.
.

P.T, C.T .
Relays.
Fuses.
Circuit Breaker .
Surge Arrestor .

C.T & P.T

:)C.T, P.T(
1) Potential Transformer (PT)
Class

Voltage Ratio Error

Measurement

0.1

0.1%

0.2

0.2%

0.5

0.5%

1.0%

3%
Protective

2) Current Transformer (CT)

Class

Current Ratio Error

0.1

0.1%

0.2

0.2%

0.5

0.5%

1.0%

3%

5%

3P

3%

5P

1%

6P

6%

10P

3%

Potential Transformer (P.T):

:
-1
.
. O.VU.V relay
-2 .
-3 Voltage Transducer
4-20 mA . DCS

P.T types:
-:
-:
Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer
)1


66 .
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
)2
66
( )8 -:
-1 C2 C1 .
-2 ( )reactor .
-3 intermediate P.T .

Capacitor voltage Transformer:

?How to choose P.T

-:

-:
Rated Transformation Ratio
-1

Vp
Kn
Vs

?How to choose P.T

Ratio Error or Voltage Error
-: 2

KnVs Vs
RE
%
Vp
= Vp
= Kn
= Vs
Accuracy Class

-:3

( )3 .
( )4 .

?How to choose P.T

(burden )VA
-: 4
VA
Voltage Error- Ratio Error
.
()5
VA
VA .
25 - 35 - 45 80-100 VA .

 VA

Equipment

VA

Voltmeter

5 VA

Voltage coil of wattmeter

5 VA

Voltage coil of KWH meter

7.5 VA

Voltage coil of synchroscope

15 VA

Under/Over voltage Relay

Voltage coil of electromagnetic relay

Static relays

5 VA
3-10 VA

0.02-0.2 VA

?How to choose P.T

Insulation Voltage Un/3
-5

Un Over Voltage -:
-1 Un/ 3
-2 Um

Un
1Kv.
3

Um 2.5

100-110 V
Impulse Voltage
2 KV .

:
Potential Transformer Connection:

(2PT) connection

(3 PT) connection

 :
Current Transformer:
.1 ( )
5A & 1A
.
.2 .
.3 5A & 1A Current Transducer
( )4-20 mA DCS .

:
Shapes of Current Transformer:

 :
Current Transformer construction:
:

) (cast resin
) ( cast resin bar primary current transformer -:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
( )1 -:
-1 ( Double Terminal) .
.
-2 ). (Primary winding

.

 :
Current Transformer construction:
-3 ) ( cast resin body

.
-4 ) (soft magnetic core
.
-5 )(secondary winding
1 5
Ith
-6 )( Earthing screw of secondary
S1
.
-7 )(secondary terminal

 :
?How to choose a C.T

-:
Rated Transformations Ratio
-:

( ) Name Plate.

.

Ipr.
Kn
I sec.
= Isec.
= Ipr.
= K

 :
?How to choose a C.T
2-3 :

Ratio Error

( ) actual value .
:
-1 .
-2 ( ) short circuit .
Composite Error
- 3-3 :

( )KnIsec.-Ipr. ( ) One Cycle
Steady Condition . r.m.s

100

( KnIpr. I sec.)dt

VA - 40 - 30 - 15 - 10 - 7.5 - 5 - 2.5

Ipr

CompositeE rror

 :
?How to choose a C.T
-: 4-3 :-

Accuracy Class

.
5P10
.
( )3 Class Curves
.
Rated burden
-: 5-3 () VA
VA
.

.

burden
( )1 VA .
.
( )2 VA 10 .

 :
?How to choose a C.T
-: 6-3 :-

Insulation Voltage

( )3 /
Um .Over voltage
-:
-1 .Un/3
-2 .Um

Un
* Un 2.5
1Kv.
3

Impulse Volt KV2
.

 :
?How to choose a C.T
Rated Thermal Current
-: 7- 3
r.m.s
( ) Short Circuited
.
-:
-1 .
-2 ( ) .
.

( ) Ith = 180 * S
( ) Ith = 118 * S
= S

-:

= Ith

Ith
T

Ith,t = t

Ith, t

 :
?How to choose a C.T
-:8- 3 Idyn -:

Rated dynamic Current

r.m.s
() Short Circuited
-:
Idyn = 2.5 Ith .
Idyn Ith .

C.T Curve:

:
Current Transformer Connection:

Relays:

Relays:

.
:
( ). . . - .

:
Relays:
:
1. Electromagnetic relays
{EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a particular voltage signal,
plus a set of one or more contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by
the energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit}.
2. Solid-State Relays
{SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the
circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the
relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC
power}.
3. Micro Processor Based Relays
{Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly used in power system
monitoring and protection}.

:
Relays:
:
.1 (.)Thermal relays
.2 (.)Electromagnetic Attracted - Relays
.3 (.)Electromagnetic Induction Relays
.4 (.)Static Relays

:
Relays:

:
Relays:

Induction type relay

:
Fuses:
:
( ) ) Fuse :
( ) (
) .
.

()
.
( ).

()
.

(
cutout fuse ).

:
Fuses:
:

( ) .
)(weak point
.
( )1920
( )M ( )1930
.

(.)1940

:IEC 60269
Fuses:

( )1950
.
(/) .


.

.


.

:
Fuses:
(: )Fuse
:

.

:

15 20 .

. :
.
%110
)(Transient Recovery Voltage
.
) (Interruption Capacity :
.

:
Fuses:
:
-1 Fuse holder
-2 Fuse base
-3 Fuse carrier
Fuse link
-4
.
.
:
): (Fuse Link
Cartridge
arc-extinguishing
.
.
Fuse link .
. element
<< >> .

:
Fuses:
): (Rating Current Fuse link .
. element
(:(minimum fusing current Fuse element .
asymptotic /.
): (Fusing factor
:
=
) : ( Prearcing time .
) : ( arcing time .

 ): (Fuse operation time (/)

.
:
= +

(: )Prospective Current (/) .

.
(:)virtual time () . steady current
:
tv = i.dt / Ip

 :
.1
.
.2 .
.3 (. )recovery voltage
.4 .
.5 .


.

.1
%5
fusing factor ( )1.75
( . )1.25
(.)1.25
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5
.

 : :
.1 (:)Power Filled Fuses

.
.2 (: )Miniature Fuses
.
.3 (:)Semi-enclosed Fuses

.4 (:)Expulsion Fuses
.5 (: )Power Fuses

. Liquid quenched fuses
.6 (:)Distribution Break Fuses

.

 : .1 660.
.2 660.
: .1 (.)Non-Current Limiting Fuses

.
:
- (.)Expulsion Fuses
- (.)Vacuum Fuses
.2 (.)Current Limiting Fuses

- (:)Expulsion Fuses

. .
( )4000-5000 K


.
.

Pole-Mounted Transformers 3000
.
.


.

 - (:)Vacuum Fuses

.
.
.

 .2 (:)Current Limiting Fuses

Prospective Peak Current (.)1
( )ID Cut-Off Current
. .

(.)It

.
(High Rupturing Capacity HRC-
).Fuses
(
) .

.

 : over load
short circuit .

weak point
.
( )4 (-4)
( Tin wire fuse
)link .

.
(-4)
semi enclosed rewirable fuses
.
(-4) insert open tube (-4)
.

 (-5 ) ) Domestic (D) Type (D (-4)

NH miniature fuse
link .semi conductor fuse links
(:)Fuses Design
.
fuse element
.
:

.

 -1 :
Powder filled cartridge fuses

Powder quartz ) .Silicon oxide (Si O2
iron compounds
organic matter .
( )5 Sand filled cartridge fuse
( )100 .
:
( ) Closing
.angle
Cut-Off current
( )5000 ][2)2x5000(=17300 Amp
.

 ( )1000.

. ()5000.
Joule integral ()It
( .)It
Constriction .

Pre-arcing time
.
.
. element
.
filler
( )
. .
wire .tape


( Constriction ) .
( )6 .
( )1 ( M-effect )M ( )2
.
( )1
.
( )5 .Dual element time lag


.Uniform element

.
:

(.)It

 Small over current .

.
.
( M-effect )M .
Low melting point alloy
.
.
:
.
.
Constricted points ( )It
.


. .

 :
:
.
.
.
:

( .)..
Negative sequence current
.
.
.

 :
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8

(.)Short circuit

(.)Over Load
(.)Locked Rotor
(.)Unbalanced Power Supply
(.)Under Voltage
(.)Under Current
(.)Phase Reversal
(.)Over current

Power Transformer Protection:

:
:
.1
(.)Short circuit
.2 .

1-Earth Fault protection:

.1 :


( ).
:Y
.
: .Y

2.Differential Protection:
: .2

Differential protection of a Delta/Star transformer

2.Differential Protection:
.2 :

( )

( )

.

3.Buchloz Relay:
.3:


.

. .



.

?What make Buchloz relay Works

:

( )
.
.
.
.
.
.

Buchloz Relay

Location of the Buchholz relay on the transformer

4. Dial-type contact thermometer

.
.
.
( ).

4. Dial-type contact thermometer

5. Winding Temperature Indicator

.5

6. Magnetic oil-level indicator

.6


.
( )limit position switch
.

.

7. Magnetic oil-level indicator

.7

8. Pressure relief

.8

Pressure Relief During Fault

Pressure Relief Before Fault

Occurrence

9. Dehydrating Breather
.9
.

.

.

9. Dehydrating Breather
.9

Generator Protection:

:
.1 (.)Differential protection
.2 (.)Ground Fault for stator

87G
51G,64

.3 (.)Ground Fault for Rotor

58

.4 (.)Power Reverse

32

.5 (.)Over Current

51 V

.6 (.)Under frequency

81

.7 (.)Over frequency

81

.8 (.)Over Voltage

59

.9 (.)Under voltage

27

Generator Protection:

:
.)Unbalanced Load( .10

26

.(Winding Temperature) .11

40

.)Loss of Excitation( .12

24

.)Over Excitation( .13

49R

.)Over Load RTD( .14

 .1 :

 .2 :

3. Power Reverse (Anti-Motoring):

: .3

4.Under/Over Frequency

: / .4

4.Under/Over Voltage:

: / .4