ANIMAL TISSUES

Molecules
Organelles

Cells

Tissues
Organs

Systems

TISSUES
Aggregates or groups of cells. Perform similar function.

BASIC TISSUE TYPES

Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

The four Basic Tissue Types

Epithelial - is characterized by the close apposition of its constituent cells and its presence at a free surface. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands. Connective tissue - is characterized on the basis of the extracellular material that is present. Connective tissue underlies or surrounds and supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally. Muscle - is characterized on the basis of a functional property, the ability of its cells to contract. Muscular tissue is made up of contractile cells and is responsible for movement of the body and its parts. Nervous tissue - consists of nerve cells (neurons) and associated supporting cells of several types. Nervous tissue function to gather, transmit, and integrate information from outside and inside the body to control the activities of the body and its parts.

EPITHELIUM
Characteristics Covers body surfaces. Lining of cavities. Glands.
Types (Distinguishing features). Adhesive structures. Surface specializations. Gland types.

Epithelium
Lines, covers, and tissues and organs. Characterized by: protects other

Cells tightly junked together The presence of a cell secretion called the basement membrane.

Named by:
Cell shape Other characteristics of the cells.

Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar

Structural Characteristics of Epithelia

Cell junctions Polarity

Basement membrane (BM)

Avascular

Classification of Epithelial Tissues

Number of Cells: Simple epithelia - have only one cell layer. Stratified epithelia - have two or more cell layers. Pseudostratified epithelia - have all their cells resting on the basal lamina, but not all the cells extend to the surface. The nuclei lie at different levels, giving the appearance of multiple cell layers. Shape of surface cells:

Squamous - flat and irregularly shaped. Cuboidal - width, depth, and height are approximately equal. Columnar - cells whose height exceeds its width.

Squamous Epithelium
Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick. Simple Squamous Epithelium Air sacs of respiratory system Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Skin Vagina Esophagus Mouth

Specific Epithelial Types

Simple Squamous - functions as a semipermeable barrier between compartments. Lines blood vessels, body cavities, and forms the parietal layer of the renal corpuscles.

Examples of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Specific Epithelial Types

Simple Cuboidal - forms the walls of ducts that carry secretory and excretory products, and regulates ion and water concentrations in certain specialized ducts. It may act as a protective barrier in some locations.

Cuboidal Epithelium
Cells cube shapedsecretion and absorption.
Kidney tubules Duct and small glands Surface of ovary

Specific Epithelial Types

Simple Columnar - its apical surface may be covered with cilia or microvilli. It functions in secretion, absorption, and, when ciliated, propulsion of mucus. Often acts as a protective barrier.

Columnar Epithelium
Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. Has microvilli at surface for absorption.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action.

Simple Columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Specific Epithelial Types

Pseudostratified Columnar cells reaching the lumenal surface are often ciliated. It forms a protective barrier and, when ciliated, moves surface mucus and trapped debris.

Specific Epithelial Types

Stratified Squamous
Keratinized - multilayered sheet of cells. The superficial cells are squamous, dead, and filled with the sceloprotein keratin. The deepest layer has cuboidal cells, which are proliferative and lie on the basal lamina. Form a barrier against friction, abrasion, infection, and water loss. Nonkeratinized - lacks the keratinized, dead superficial cells. Rather has living, nucleated squamous cells. Forms a protective barrier that is less resistant to water loss.

Specific Epithelial Types

Stratified Cuboidal - usually 2 layers of cuboidal cells. A rare epithelium that lines the ducts of some glands (sweat, salivary).

Stratified Columnar superficial layer of cells are columnar and may be ciliated. Also rare, it lines the larger ducts (pancreas) of some large glands, and forms the conjunctiva of the eye.

Glandular Epithelia
Types of Glandular Secretions:

Exocrine
Glands have ducts

Endocrine
Glands have no ducts

Secretion to the outside of the body

serous, mucous, mixed

hormones

Modes of Secretion
Merocrine
Apocrine Holocrine
Most common

Apocrine Secretion

Location: mammary gland and underarm sweat gland

Holocrine Secretion

Location: Sebaceous glands of hair follicles

Goblet cells: Unicellular exocrine glands

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Underlies or surrounds other tissues Supportive Includes various types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone...

Connective Tissue
Characterized by the cells widely separated from each other in a matrix that is produced by the cells. Tissue protects and supports. Cell Matrix composed of two regions
Ground Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid Fibers
Non-elastic (= white or Collagen) Elastic (= yellow fibers)

Types of Connective tissue

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Adipose Cartilage Bone Blood

Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)

Gel like ground with both elastic and nonelastic fibers running though the ground in many directions.
Wraps and cushions organs Under the skin

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.
Tendons and ligaments Fibers mostly non-elastic

Adipose (Fat)
Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids). Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in the live cell contains lipids. Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to edge of cell membrane.

Cartilage
Ground of matrix is gum like. Cells are found in Lacunae within the matrix. Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a form of non-elastic called reticular(where the non-elastic fibers of very thin)
Hyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of bones

Elastic Cartilage- example ear cartilage Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Bone
Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate). Has blood supply and nerves running through the Haversian canal systems.

Vascular Tissue (Blood)

Liquid matrix = plasma
90% water 10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones, oxygen, glucose etc.

Formed elements
Erythrocytes - 48 billion(female) to 54 billion (male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals are enucleated while rest of the vertebrates they have nuclei
Leukocytes - about 7.5 million / ml of blood Platelets - blood clotting

Blood

MUSCULAR TISSUE
Contractile cells Responsible for movement of body and its parts

Muscle Tissue
Tissue with cells having fibers specialized for contraction. Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)
Parallel elongated cells (fibers) multinucleated and each cell is the length of the muscle. Light meat, Dark meatSlow twitch, fast twitch muscle

Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)

Cells are long and tapered. Organized into sheets of muscle.

Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated disc Myogenic branched

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

NERVOUS TISSUE
Receive, process and transmit information Controls activity of body and its parts

Nervous Tissue
Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize. Cell is a neuron.

Neural Tissue

Important questions
1. The following 4 main types of tissues exist in animals: a) b) c) d) 2. The bottom membrane of an epithelial tissue called the membrane. 3. Cells of the pseudo-stratified epithelia have all their cells the basal lamina, but not all the cells .. to the surface. 4. The nuclei in the cells of the pseudostratified epithelia lie at .. levels, giving the appearance of . layers. 5. The air sacs of the respiratory system consists mainly of. epithelium tissue. 6. The skin consists mainly of...epithelium tissue. 7. The digestive tract of the animals are lined with .. epithelium tissue. 8. Merocrine secretion is characteristic by ..

9. Apocrine secretion is the separation of . and usually occur in .. and

10. Holocrine secretion is characterized by . and exists in . of hair follicles. 11. The main function of goblet cells is the secretion of 12. Blood is a type of tissues. 13. Cartilages are one of the types of .. tissues. 14. Adipose (fat) is a . tissue. 15. The heart consists mainly of tissue. 16. The . tissue is responsible for communications and thinking.