AntiChocolates

S t u d e n t S m i t h , S t u d e n t S m i t h , S t u d e n t S m i t h , S t u d e n t S m i t h , Student Smith,

South Uni v ers i ty 9 Sc i enc e Court Col um bi a, SC 29201

Introduction
The drug class our group chose to research was antihistamines. We found Antihistamines interesting because most of us use them in everyday life and they have many therapeutic benefits.

Example Molecules

Azatadine
Therapeutic Actions of the Classs Function Groups Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Hydroxyzine
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Promethazine
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Antihistamines suppress the histamineinduced wheal (swelling)and vasodilatation (flare) response by blocking the binding of histamine to its receptors on nerves, vascular smooth muscle, glandular cells, endothelium, and mast cells. They effectively exert competitive antagonism of histamine for H1-receptors. Itching and sneezing are suppressed by antihistamine blockade of H1-receptors on nasal sensory nerves. Antihistamines are commonly used for relief of allergies caused by intolerances of proteins. The functional groups in the drugs we have chosen are: Alcohol, Ether, Amines, Benzene and Alkenes
Function Group Key

Therapeutic Actions: Azatadine competes with histamine for histamine H1- receptor sites on effector cells, thus reducing the intensity of an allergic reaction and tissue injury due to histamine release. Administration: Oral ADME: (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination) Absorption: Readily absorbed from GI tract, peak: 4 h. Distribution: Probably crosses bloodbrain barrier; crosses placenta; distribution into breast milk unknown. Metabolism: Hepatic Elimination: 50% excreted in urine in 5 d. Half-Life: 912 h.

Therapeutic Actions. Hydroxyzine competes with histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites on the effector cell surface, resulting in suppression of histaminic edema, flare, and pruritus. The sedative properties of Hydroxyzine occur at the subcortical level of the CNS. Secondary to its central anticholinergic actions, Hydroxyzine may be effective as an antiemetic. Administration: Oral ADME: (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination) Absorption: Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Distribution: rapidly distributed to organs, with the highest specific activity found in the lungs, followed by fat, liver, spleen, and kidneys. Metabolism: Hepatic Elimination: Eliminated in the feces.

Therapeutic Actions. Promethazine competes with free histamine for binding at H1-receptor sites in the GI tract, uterus, large blood chemoreceptor trigger zone. Administration: Topical Cream, LiquidIntramuscular, Solution-Intravenous, SyrupOral, Tablet-Oral ADME: (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination) Absorption: On average, 88% of a promethazine dose is absorbed after oral administration; however, the absolute bioavailability is only 25% because of firstpass clearance. Distribution: H1-receptor antagonist Calcium signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligandreceptor interaction Metabolism: Hepatic Elimination: Promethazine hydrochloride is metabolized in the liver, with the sulfoxides of promethazine and Ndesmethylpromethazine being the predominant metabolites appearing in the urine.