1

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMIC

TEMPERATURE

SPECIFIC HEAT

HEAT TRANSFER

TEMPERATURE SCALE

CALORIMETER

CONDUCTION

THERMOMETER

RADIATION

THERMAL EXPANSION

CONVECTION
2

TEMPERATURE Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Kevin temperature is introduced by the Scortish physicians,William Thompson. (Lord Kevin,1824-1907) Temperature is measured in degrees by using a thermometer.

HEAT Heat is energy that flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object because of a difference in temperature. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as heat conduction,convection,thermal radiation,and phase-change transfer. Heat transfer only occurs because of a temperature-difference driving force and heat flows from the high to the low temperature region.
4

BACKGROUND OF TEMPERATURE People have known about temperature for a long time: fire is hot and snow is cold. Galileo invented the first documented thermometer in about 1592. It was an air thermometer consisting of a glass bulb with a long tube attached. By the early 18th century, 35 different temperature scales had been devised. In 1714, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented both the mercury and the alcohol thermometer.
5

BACKGROUND OF HEAT The ancients viewed heat as that related to fire. The ancient Egyptian 3000 BC viewed heat as related to origin mythologies. In 1761, Scottish chemist Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing temperature when melting. From this he concluded that the heat must have combined with the ice particles and become latent
6

OBJECTIVES To understand the common temperature scales and how to convert between them. To understand thermal expansion. To understand heat and the process of heat transfer. To understand how heat is transferred between objects by the different means of conduction, convection, and radiation.
7

 Generally

measured in a) degree celcius (C) b) degree farenheit (F) Conversion between FARENHEIT/CELCIUS temperature scales:
Tf= 9/5 Tc+32
9

KEVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE

T=TC+273.15

kevin & degree celcius thermometer

10

 The

kevin temperature scale is called an absolute temperature scale. A plot of absolute pressure temperature for a low density gas at constant volume. The graph is straight line and when extrapolated (dashed line) ,crosses temperature axis at -273.15C.
11

Absolute pressure

-273.15C 0
-200 Hypothetical negative-pressure region ABSOLUTE ZERO POINT= -273.15C Temperature,C -100 +100 +200

12

Relationship between different scales

Kevin,K Water boils 373 Celcius,C 100 Farenheit,F 212

100K
Water freezes CO2 solidifies 273 195

100C
0 78

180F
32 100

Oxygen liquifies
Absolute zero

90
0

183
273

298
460

13

Relationship between different scales

14

THERMOMETER Instrument designed to measure temperature. Make use of the changes in some physical property with temperature (thermometric property). It is read in the shade because their measurements are too high when placed in direct sunlight. Common thermometer used today include-in-glass type and the bimetallic strip.

15

LINEAR EXPANSION(SOLID)
The

length of an object is one of the more obvious things that depends on temperature. When something is heated or cooled, its length changes by an amount proportional to the original length and the change in temperature.
16

LINEAR EXPANSION(SOLID)

The

length of the rod is expanded from L1 to L2 expressed by:

L=Lo(1+T)
17

LINEAR EXPANSION(SOLID)

L=LoT
Where is the coefficient of linear expansion
The

coefficient of linear expansion depends only on the material an object is made from. The coefficient of linear expansion has a unit of (C)

18

19

VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION When something changes temperature, it shrinks or expands in all three dimensions. The expanded volume has the form

V= Lo (1+ 3T+ 3T+ T)

20

VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION In most cases the quadratic and cubic terms above can be neglected since the typical expansion coefficient is on the order of parts per million per degree C. The expression becomes

21

VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

22

The volume Vo of an object changes by amount V when its temperature changes by an amount T: V=VoT Where is the coefficient of volume expansion.

Unit

for is (C) Value for depends on the nature of the material. For a solids,the coefficient volume expansion is three times as much as the coefficient of linear expansion:=3
23

24

25

26

 Heat

is energy that flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object because of a difference in temperatures. The transfer of energy is called heat flow. When two objects in thermal contact have same temperature,no net flow of heat,are said to be in thermal equilibrium. SI unit: joule(J)

27

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,c Defined as the amount of energy that has to be transferred from one unit of mass (kilogram) or amount of substance (mole) to change the system temperature by one degree. Q=mcT SI unit : J/kgC

28

Specific heat capacity,c Calorimetry is the mechanism used by scientists to study heat capacity. Calorimetry uses two objects together to measure the temperature and determine heat capacity of different elements. The test is conducted by pouring a specific weight of hot water into a Styrofoam cup.

29

Specific heat capacity,c Then a cooled object like iron is dropped into the cup. When the heat reaches equilibrium, the scientist measures the temperature of the iron object and the temperature of the water. The amount of heat absorbed by the object and its relative temperature determines its heat capacity.

30

VIDEO OF SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,c

31

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,c The video contain: a) Definition of heat capacity b) Experiment of heat capacity dependent on nature of a substance. c) The unit of specific heat capacity. d) Q=mc

32

 Heat

can be transferred from one place to another by three methods: conduction in solids, convection of fluids (liquids or gases), and radiation through anything that will allow radiation to pass. The method used to transfer heat is usually the one that is the most efficient. If there is a temperature difference in a system, heat will always move from higher to lower temperatures.

33

CONDUCTION Conduction occurs when two object at different temperatures are in contact with each other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at the same temperature. Conduction is the movement of heat through a substance by the collision of molecules. The faster-moving molecules of the warmer object collide with the slower moving molecules of the cooler object. As they collide, the faster molecules give up some of their energy to the slower molecules.
34

CONDUCTION

A thermal infrared image of a coffee cup filled with a hot liquid. Notice the rings of color showing heat traveling from the hot liquid through the metal cup. You can see this in the metal spoon as well. This is a good example of conduction
35

CONVECTION Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This cycle results in a continous circulation pattern and heat is transfered to cooler areas.
36

CONVECTION

This thermal infrared image shows hot oil boiling in a pan. The oil is transfering heat out of the pan by convection. Notice the hot (yellow) centers of rising hot oil and the cooler outlines of the sinking oil. Image courtesy of K.-P. Mllmann and M. Vollmer, University of Applied Sciences Brandenburg/Germany
37

RADIATION Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated object. For example, we feel heat from the sun even though we are not touching it. Heat can be transmitted though empty space by thermal radiation. Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. No mass is exchanged and no medium is required.
38

RADIATION

A thermal infrared image of the center of our galaxy. This heat from numerous stars and interstellar clouds traveled about 24,000 light years (about 150,000,000,000,000,000 miles!) through space by radiation to reach our infrared telescopes.

39

 TEMPERATURE:

Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold.

EQUATION IN TEMPERATURE:
CONVERSION FARENHEIT TO DEGREE CELCIUS KEVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION Tf= 9/5 Tc+32 T=TC+273.15 L=LoT V=VoT
40

 HEAT:
Heat is energy that flows from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object because of a difference in temperature.

Secific heat capacity,c Q=mcT

Three mechanism of heat transfer: a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation

41

 Matriculation

Physics,4th Edition -Alawiah Ariffin -Copyright@2010 by Oriental Academic Publication, 44,Jln 4/133,Tmn. Sri Sentosa Off Jln Klang Lama, 58000,Kuala Lumpur. Introduction To Physics,8th Edition -John D. Cutnell -Kenneth W. Johnson
42

43