Local Area Networks

LANs are designed to:

Operate within a limited geographic area Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media

Control the network privately under local administration

Provide full-time connectivity to local services

Connect physically adjacent devices

Local-Area NetworkLAN
What is a LAN?
A collection of computers, printers, modems, and other devices that can communicate with each other in a small area (< ~ 1000 feet) Small area-low cost, high speed, reliable communication is possible.

How is a LAN controlled?

ProtocolsFormal sets of rules that govern how devices on a network exchange information
StandardsSets of rules or procedures that are either widely used or officially specified-

Network Interface Card

Amplifies electronic signals

Packages data for transmission

Physically connects computer to transmission media (cable)
PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

Connector Port

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Network Interface Card

OSI Model and Project 802

1985 IEEE started with a project, to set standards to enable interconnectivity. Does not seek to replace models Way of specifying functions of the physical layer &data link layer of LAN protocols.

Project 802

Each subdivision is identified with a number.

PDU Format

Defines the upper layer protocol at the source and destination that uses these LLC.

PDU Control Field

MAC Frame

46 to 1500 bytes

frame

Common LAN Technologies

Ethernet

Token Ring

Token Ring

FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDDI Dual Ring

 How media access is controlled? - how devices access the communication channel in LAN. Multiple users have unregulated access to channel. LAN needs mechanism to coordinate traffic and reduce collision. Access mechanism used in Ethernet CSMA/CD.

 MEDIA ACCESS
Random access protocols Controlled access protocols Token passing Cannelization protocols- FDMA , TDMA Random access- all devices have equal access to medium. 2 features:-1) there is no scheduled time for a device to transmit. 2) No rule concerning which device should transmit first.

 When should a device attempt to access the medium? What should a system do if it wishes to send a data frame and the medium is busy? How should a device determine whether the transmission was successful? How a device know when a collision has occurred? When a collision occurs, how a device know if it was involved in it? What should a device do if it detect a collision.

Evolution of CSMA/CD
ALOHA was the 1st random access used For broadband wireless LAN
Developed by university of Hawaii in 1970.

Ethernet Operation
A B C D

Ethernet Operation
A B C D

D
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Ethernet Operation
A B C D

D
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

B and C
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Ethernet Broadcast
A
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

B
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

C
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

D
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Ethernet Reliability
A
Figure 1

A
Figure 2

Collision

Ethernet Reliability
A B

Collision

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

Ethernet Reliability
A B C D

Collision

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

JAM

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)

Project 802

Each subdivision is identified with a number.

10

 Base band systems use Manchester digital coding. Ethernet LANs can support data rates between 1 and 10Mbps. IEEE defines types of cable, connections and signals that are to be used in each of five different Ethernet implementations. All Ethernet LANs are configured as logical buses, although they may be physically implemented in bus or star topologies.

Ethernet and IEEE 802.3

Benefits and background
Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost, and ease of installation Supports virtually all network protocols

Revisions of Ethernet specification

Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) raises speed from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 which increases speeds to 1 Gbps

Ethernet Protocol Names 100BaseFX

LAN speed (Mbps) Indicates type of cable and maximum length. If a number, max. length = # x 100 m Base = baseband Broad = broadband

Bus topology LAN

10BASE5

Ethernet Segments

Attachment unit interface transceiver cable. AUIs are restricted to a maximum length of 50 meters. Medium attachment unit transceiver. Performs CSMA/CD function.

10BASE2

10BASET

Instead of individual transceivers, 10 Base T Ethernet places all of its networking Operations in an Intelligent hub with a port for each station.

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

Schemes to improve performance and speed of Ethernet LAN

Bridged Ethernet Switched Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

Switched Ethernet

Entire media is involved in each transmission.- one transmission uses the entire capacity of 10Mbps. We can theoretically increase the capacity of network with N devices to N X 10Mbps.

 Fast Ethernet operates at 100 mbps. It is easy to increase the speed if the collision domain is decreased. Collision domain of ethernet is limited to 2500meters. Needed to achieve data rate of 10Mbps using the CSMA/CD access method.

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

Speed and throughput: 10100 Mbps Average cost per node: Least expensive Media and connector size: Small Maximum cable length: 100 m (short)

Star LAN
USES TWISTED PAIR CABLE

1BASE5

Daisy chaining starLAN allows as many as 10 stations to be linked, each to the next, In a chain in which only the lead device connects to the hub.

Switched Ethernet

Entire media is involved in each transmission.- one transmission uses the entire capacity of 10Mbps. We can theoretically increase the capacity of network with N devices to N X 10Mbps.

MAC Frame

46 to 1500 bytes

frame

 Minimum size of frame 72 bytes .ie 576 bits. To send 576bits at data rate of 10 mbps takes 57.6 us. Collision must be detected during 57.6us. This time is sufficient to allow a signal to make a round trip of 5000 meters at a propagation speed in a typical medium. To increase data rate without changing minimum size of frame . We decrease round trip time. With 100mbps the round trip time reduces to 5.76us(576 bits/100mbps). This means collision domain must be decreased 10 times, from 2500 to 250 meters.

Cables or Transmission Media

Printer
(Also has a NIC)

Connectors
Wiring Hub

PC or Workstation Loaded with NOS

NIC

Cable
Physical environments through which transmission signals pass
Twisted pair Coaxial cable
RJ-45 Connector

Fiber-optic cable Atmosphere

RJ = Registered Jack

Connectors (RJ-11, RJ-45, etc.)

Network Cabling
Media connecting network components
NIC cards take turns transmitting on the cable LAN cables only carry one signal at a time WAN cables can carry multiple signals simultaneously

Three primary types of cabling

Twisted-pair (or copper) Coaxial cable

Fiber-optic cable

Twisted-Pair Cable

Twisted-Pair (UTP and STP)

STP only: Shielded Insulation to Reduce EMI Twisted-Pair Outer Jacket

Color-Coded Plastic Insulation

Speed and throughput: Relative cost: Maximum cable length:

10/100 Mbps Least costly 100 m

RJ-45 Connector

Media and connector size: Small

EMI = Electromagnetic Interference

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

Most common UTP Connector. Registered jack

Speed and throughput: 10100 Mbps Average cost per node: Least expensive Media and connector size: Small Maximum cable length: 100 m (short)
1 2 3 6 normally used for data transmission.

 The Electronic Industries association has developed standards to grade UTP cables by quality. With 1 the lowest and 5 as highest. Category1 basic twisted pair cabling used in telephone systems. This level of quality is fine for voice communication. Category2 next higher grade, suitable for voice and data transmission up to 4 Mbps. Category3 used for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps. Category4 up to 16Mbps Category5 used for data transmission up to 100Mbps

UTP Connectors

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

Speed and throughput: 10100 Mbps Average cost per node: Moderately expensive Media and connector size: Medium to Large Maximum cable length: 100 m (short)

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable
Outer Jacket Braided Copper Shielding Plastic Insulation Copper Conductor

BNC Connector

Speed and throughput: Relative cost:

10/100 Mbps More than UTP, but still low

Media and connector size:

Maximum cable length:

Medium
200/500 m
BNC = Bayonet Neill Concelman

Fiber-Optic Cable
Outer Jacket Kevlar Reinforcing Material Plastic Shield Glass Fiber and Cladding

Single mode: One stream of laser-generated light (100 km)

Multimode: Multiple streams of LED-generated light (2 km) 100+ Mbps
Multimode Connector

Speed and throughput:

Average cost per node:

Maximum cable length:

Most expensive
Up to 2 km

Media and connector size: Small

LED = Light Emitting Diode

Ethernet Protocol Names 100BaseFX

LAN speed (Mbps) Indicates type of cable and maximum length. If a number, max. length = # x 100 m Base = baseband Broad = broadband

10BASE5

Transceiver

10BASET

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

Go back-N Damaged Frame

Selective Reject

Lost Frame