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Lecture 6
Unsteady-flow (reciprocating) engines 1: Basic operating principles, design & performance parameters
Outline
Classification of unsteady-flow engines Basic operating principles
Premixed-charge (gasoline) 4-stroke Premixed-charge (gasoline) 2-stroke Premixed-charge (gasoline) rotary or Wankel Nonpremixed-charge (Diesel) 4-stroke Nonpremixed-charge (Diesel) 2-stroke Compression ratio, displacement, bore, stroke, etc. Power, torque, work, Mean Effective Pressure Thermal efficiency Volumetric efficiency Emissions
Air only
Intake (piston Exhaust (piston Compression Expansion (piston moving down, (piston moving up, moving down, both moving up, intake intake valve open, valve closed, exhaust both valves closed) valves closed) Note: ideally combustion occurs in zero time when piston is at the top of its travel between the compression exhaust valve valve open) and expansion strokes closed)
http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/rotary-engine-exploded.swf
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel2.htm
Bore (B) = cylinder diameter Stroke (L) = distance between maximum excursions of piston Displacment volume of 1 cylinder = B2L/4; if B = L (typical), 5.7 liter, 8-cylinder engine, B = 9.7 cm Power = Angular speed (N) x Torque ( ) = 2N
Pow ( ro i se ne r h ) p Ntsm (on it rlorn ei p u v ee u , R P M fps ) x (ou i on n o) t d 5 5 5 5
Clearance volume
Bore
Displacement volume
Stroke
Ratio of engine revolutions to wheel revolutions varies from 12:1 in lowest gear to 3:1 in highest gear
Indicated power = Wi,xN/n, where x could be net, gross, pumping and n = 2 for 4-stroke engine, n = 1 for 2 stroke engine (since 4-stroke needs 2 complete revolutions of engine for one complete thermodynamic cycle as seen on P-V diagram whereas 2-stroke needs only 1 revolution) 20
AME 436 - Spring 2011 - Lecture 6 - Unsteady flow engines I: principles
a i r
irVN a d /n
where air is at ambient conditions = Pambient/RTambient Volumetric efficiency indicates how well the engine breathes - what lowers v below 100%?
Will be > 100% with turbocharging or supercharging See figure on p. 217 of Heywood for good summary of all these effects
Pressure drops in intake system (e.g. throttling) & intake valves Temperature rise due to heating of air as it flows through intake system Volume occupied by fuel Non-ideal valve timing Choking (air flow reaching speed of sound) in part of intake system having smallest area (passing intake valves)
= cycle V d
d PV
Power could be brake, indicated, friction or pumping power, leading to BMEP, IMEP, FMEP, PMEP Note Power = Torque x 2N, thus
Tu oe r q
( E )V) M (d P 5 n
MEP can be interpreted as the first moment of pressure with respect to cylinder volume, or average pressure, with volume as the weighting function for the averaging process
Typical 4-stroke engine, IMEP 120 lb/in2 9 atm - how to get more? Turbocharge - increase Pintake above 1 atm, more fuel & air stuffed into cylinder, more heat release, more power
R (th,i,gmfuel Q )n (G ssin ic te p wr) n ro d a d o e IM P g E = Vd N Vd N (th,i,gmair [ f /(5 f )]Q )n th,i,g (vair,am ient Vd N/n)Q n f R b R = = Vd N Vd N 5f Pmient f IM P g th,i,gv fQR Pmient E a b a b =th,i,gvQ (5 f ) = R T b P take R amient T b P take R amient 5 f in in
Typical engine at wide-open throttle (Pintake = Pambient): th,i,g 35%, v 90%, f 0.064 (at stoichiometric), QR = 4.3 x 107 J/kg, R = 287 J/kg-K, Tintake = 300K IMEPg / Pintake 10.1 In reality, we have to be more careful about accounting for the exhaust residual and the fact that its properties are very different from the fresh 27 gas, but this Spring 2011 - Lecture 6 - Unsteady flow engines I: principles AME 436 - doesnt change the results much
Bsc N reei O a pf k ic
(S B N O
)= Bpe rew a or k
mx N O
One can also think of this as (mass/time) / (energy/time) = mass / energy = grams of pollutant per Joule of work done but Environmental Protection Agency standards (for passenger vehicles) are in terms of grams per mile, not brake power hour, thus smaller cars can have larger BSNOx (or BSCO, BSHC, etc.) because (presumably) less horsepower (thus less fuel) is needed to move the car a certain number of miles in a certain time Larger vehicles (and stationary engines for power generation) are regulated based on brake specific emissions directly
Example #1
How much power does a 5.7 liter (= 0.0057 m3) Hemi 4-stroke (n = 2) gasoline engine at 6000 RPM (N = 100/sec) with thermal efficiency th = 30% = 0.30 and volumetric efficiency v = 90% = 0.90 generate?
51 .1 kg 5 5 .5 kg 5 5 5 5 55 mair =vairVd N/n = (55 5 ( .11 ) .5 51 m 1 = ) m sec 5 sec 55kg .5 5 51 5 5 J .11 .5 5 1 5 mair f P w =th o er Q = (55 sec .5 ) R 5f + 5 .55 +55 5 kg h p 5 =55 5 .55 W =5 h 5p 5 5W 5 5
Example #2
In a laboratory test of a 4-stroke engine with Vd = 3.05 liters at N = 3000 RPM the following performance data are measured: net IMEP 107.9 lbf/in2, 70.32 brake horsepower, fuel flow rate 16.66 kg/hr, air flow rate 269.6 kg/hr. The fuel is C8H18 (QR = 4.3 x 107 J/kg.) The ambient air temperature is 295K. The intake pressure gauge is broken, so the intake pressure is not known. Determine: a) BMEP 55 ( ) 1 t p .5 p ( 1t W ( rkPe B eo r a w ) n (5 h )51a /h ) BE = M P = VN 5 ltr ( 5 5ltr )5 /m ) m 5c) .1 m/ 5ie ( 5 i ( i/ 5 1 ie 5 5 5 n n 5 s e d
=5 5 /m =5 a .5 5 5 5 N 5 .1 1 t m
b) Friction MEP FMEP = IMEP BMEP IMEP = (107.9 lb/in2)(4.448N/lb)(in/0.0254m)2 = 7.44 x 105 N/m2 FMEP = 7.44 x 105 N/m2 6.88 x 105 N/m2 = 5.6 x 104 N/m2 = 0.55 atm c) Equivalence ratio C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.77N2) 8 CO2 + 9 H2O + 12.5(3.77) N2 Stoichiometric fuel/air: (8(12)+18(1))/[12.5((32)+3.77(28))] = 0.0663 Actual fuel/air: (16.66 kg/hr)/(269.6 kg/hr) = 0.06179 Equivalence ratio = 0.06179/0.0663 = 0.932
Example #2 (continued)
d) Brake thermal efficiency 5 h) 1t p 5 p 1t 5 W a BP rew ao ke r ( .5(1 /h) k = = = .5 5 5 5 be r a 5 R mQ 5 k /h (r/5 e (. J g 5g 5 5c 5 5 5 ( .5 r)h 5s )55/k) fl u e e) Indicated torque
I d a dtoqe nicte r u =
=( MP ) V ) I E ( d /5 n
=5 .5m( f /5 5 ) 5 5 /m =5 .5 lb 5 N lb .5 N ( .5 ft ) 5 ft f 5 5 5 5 f) Is this engine throttled, turbocharged or neither? Explain. (Hint: compute the volumetric efficiency.)
v
mr ) m (eud ae s a i r rVN a d /n i 5 g/h (r/5 e 5 .5 5 5 (5 k r)h 5sc) = ( .1 5 .1r ) 55ltr ) 5 /mm 5k 1 g/m) 1 (m/ 5ie (5 i) i/ (5lt ie 5 5 5 nn 5 ( 5) /5 5 s e c
5 ) (5
= .5< rtld 5 5 t oe 5 5 ht
Summary - engine design & performance parameters Many mechanical implementations of unsteady-flow engines exist, but all are based on a thermodynamic cycle consisting of compression, combustion, expansion The factor that affects engine design and performance more than any other is whether the engine is premixed-charge or nonpremixed-charge Many measures of engine performance are employed - be careful!
Work and power - indicated vs. brake Efficiencies - thermal vs. volumetric Mean Effective Pressure - brake, indicated, pumping, friction