Next Generation: IPv6

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CONTENTS
IPv6 IPv6 ADDRESSES IPv6 PACKET FORMAT TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6

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IPv6
Larger Address Space Better Header Format New Options Allowance for Extension Support for Resource Allocation Support for More Security

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IPv6 ADDRESSES

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IPv6 address

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Abbreviated address

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Abbreviated address with consecutive zeros

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Address structure

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Categories of Addresses

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Provider-based address

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Address hierarchy

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Reserved addresses

Addresses that use the reserved prefix (00000000) can be Unspecified address Loopback address Compatible address (for IPv4) Mapped address (for IPv4)

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Unspecified address

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Loopback address

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Compatible address
It is used when a computer using IPv6 wants to send a message to another computer using IPv6. However, suppose the packet passes through a region where the network is still using IPv4

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Mapped address
It is used when a computer that has migrated to IPv6 wants to send a packet to a computer still using IPv4

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Link local address

These addresses are used if a LAN uses the Internet protocols but is not connected to the Internet for security reasons. The Link Local Address is used in an isolated network and does not have a global effect.

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Site local address

These addresses are used if a site with several networks uses the Internet protocols but is not connected to the Internet, also for security reasons. The Site Local Address is used in isolated networks and does not have a global effect.

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Multicast address

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IPv6 PACKET FORMAT

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IPv6 datagram

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Format of an IPv6 datagram

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Extension header format

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Extension header types

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1. Hop-by-hop option
This option is used when the source needs to pass information to all routers visited by the datagram. For example, perhaps routers must be informed to all certain management, debugging or control functions. If the length of the datagram is more than usual 65535 bytes, routers must have this information.

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Hop-by-hop option header format

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The format of options in a hop-by-hop option header

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Pad 1

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Pad N

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Jumbo payload

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2. Source routing
The source routing extension header combines the concepts of the strict source route and the loose source route options of IP4

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Source routing

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Source routing example

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3. Fragmentation
The concept of fragmentation is the same as that in IPv4. However, In IP4 the source or a router is required to fragment it the size of the datagram is larger that the MTU of the network over with datagram travels. In IPv6, Only the original source can fragment. A source must use a Path MTU Discovery technique to find the smallest MTU supported by any network on the path. The source than fragments using this knowledge.

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Fragmentation

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4. Authentication
The authentication extension header has a dual purpose: it validates the message sender the ensures the integrity of data. The former is needed so the receiver can be sure that the data is not altered in transition by some hacker.

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Authentication

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Calculation of authentication data

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5. Encrypted security payload

The encrypted security payload (ESP) is an extension that provides confidentiality and guards against eavesdropping. Encryption can be implemented in two ways : 1. Transport mode 2. Tunnel mode

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Encrypted security payload

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Transport mode encryption

In this mode, a TCP segment or a UDP user datagram is first encrypted and then encapsulated in an IPv6 packet. The transport mode of encryption is used mostly to encrypt data from host to host

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Tunnel-mode encryption
In this mode, the entire IP datagram with its base header and extension headers is encrypted and then encapsulated in a new IP packet using the ESP extension header. Tunnel mode of encryption is mostly used by security gateways to encrypt data.

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6. Destination Option
The destination option is used when the source needs to pass information to the destination only. Intermediate routers are not permitted access to this information. The format of the destination option is the same as the hop-by-hop option.

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ICMPv6

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Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6

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Categories of ICMPv6 messages

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TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6

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Three transition strategies

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Dual stack

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Automatic tunneling

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Configured tunneling

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Header translation

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6 Bone
The 6bone was a testbed for Internet Protocol version 6; it was an outgrowth of the IETF IPng project that created the IPv6 protocols intended to eventually replace the current Internet network layer protocols known as IPv4. The 6bone was started outside the official IETF process at the March 1996 IETF meetings, and became a worldwide informal collaborative project, with eventual oversight from the "NGtrans" (IPv6 Transition) Working Group of the IETF. The original mission of the 6bone was to establish a network to foster the development, testing, and deployment of IPv6 using a model to be based upon the experiences from the Mbone (multicast backbone) hence the name 6bone.
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6 Bone
The 6bone started as a virtual network (using IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling/encapsulation) operating over the IPv4-based Internet to support IPv6 transport, and slowly added native links specifically for IPv6 transport. Although the initial 6bone focus was on testing of standards and implementations, the eventual focus became more on testing of transition and operational procedures, as well as actual IPv6 network usage. At its peak in mid-2003, over 150 6bone top level 3FFE::/16 network prefixes were routed, interconnecting over 1000 sites in more than 50 countries. When it became obvious that the availability of IPv6 top level production prefixes was assured, and that commercial and private IPv6 networks were being operated outside the 6bone using these prefixes, a plan was developed to phase out the 6bone.

The phaseout plan called for a halt to new 6bone prefix allocations on 1 January 2004 and the complete cessation of 6bone operation and routing over the 6bone testing prefixes on 6 June 2006. Addresses within the 6bone testing prefix have now reverted to the IANA, and should no longer be used.
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ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

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Introduction
ADSL is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines ADSL is capable of providing up to 50 Mbps, and supports voice, video and data. ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with over 60% market share ADSL is now available in every region of the world

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What does ADSL mean

Asymmetric - The data can flow faster in one direction than the other. Data transmission has faster downstream to the subscriber than upstream
Digital - No type of communication is transferred in an analog method. All data is purely digital, and only at the end, modulated to be carried over the line. Subscriber Line - The data is carried over a single twisted pair copper loop to the subscriber premises

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ADSL standards :
Standard name ITU G.992.1 ITU G.992.2 ITU G.992.3/4 ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L ITU G.992.5 ITU G.992.5 Annex L ITU G.992.5 Annex M Common name ADSL (G.DMT) Downstream rate 8 Mbit/s Upstream rate 1.0 Mbit/s 0.5 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s 0.8 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s

ADSL Lite (G.Lite) 1.5 Mbit/s ADSL2 ADSL2 RE-ADSL2 ADSL2+ RE-ADSL2+ ADSL2+ 12 Mbit/s 12 Mbit/s 5 Mbit/s 24 Mbit/s 24 Mbit/s 28 Mbit/s

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ADSL Speed Comparison

Pure Fibre
Hybrid Fibre/Copper FTT H

Enhanced Copper
ADS L

FTTx, VDSL2, ADSL2plus

ISD Voice band N Modem

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ADSL Speed Factors

The distance from the local exchange The type and thickness of wires used The number and type of joins in the wire The proximity of the wire to other wires carrying ADSL, ISDN and other non-voice signals

The proximity of the wires to radio transmitters.

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ADSL network components

The ADSL modem at the customer premises(ATU-R)
The modem of the central office (ATU-C)

DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)

Broadband Access Server (BAS)

Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies DSLAM.
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ADSL Loop Architecture

DSL
Voice Switch

ISP
Central Office
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ADSL Requirements

Phone-line, activated by your phone company for ADSL Filter to separate the phone signal from the Internet signal ADSL modem Subscription with an ISP supporting ADSL

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How does ADSL work

ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth available in the wires

PSTN

Upstream

Downstream

4 25,875

138

1104 KHz

ADSL works by using a frequency splitter device to split a traditional voice telephone line into two frequencies
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