Plant Structures

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Chapter 23

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Plants are as successful if not more successful than animals Seed plants have three main structures:

Roots Stems Leaves

Linked together by various means

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Roots

Absorbs water and nutrients Anchor plant to the ground Hold soil in place and prevent erosion Protect from soil bacteria Transport water and nutrients Provide upright support

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Stems

Support for the plant body Carries nutrients throughout plant Defense system to protect against predators and infection Few millimeters to 100 meters

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Leaves

Main photosynthetic systems Suseptable to extreme drying Sight of oxygen/carbon dioxide intake and release

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Plant tissue systems

Exist within the root, stems, and leaves

Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Dermal Tissue

Outer covering Single layer of cells Cuticle waxy coating

Trichomes Spiny projections on the leaf Root hairs

Roots have dermal tissue

Guard Cells

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Vascular Tissue

Transport System Subsystems

Xylem Phloem

Subsystems are used to carry fluids throughout plant

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Xylem

Two types

Seed plants Angiosperms

Tracheid long narrow cells Walls are connected to neighboring cells Will eventually die Vessel Element wider that trachieds

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Phloem

Sieve Tube Elements

Cells arranged end to end Pump sugars and other foods Surround sieve tube elements Support phloem cells

Companion Cells

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Ground Tissue

Cells between dermal and vascular tissue Parenchyma

Thin cell walls, large vacuoules Strong, flexible cell walls Extremely thick, rigid cell walls

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants

Plant Growth

Meristems tissues responsible for growth

Undifferentiated cells

Apical Meristem

Produce growth increased length

Cells will assume roles in the plant

Differentiation

Flower Development

Starts in the meristem

23-2 Roots

Types of Roots

Taproots

Found in dicots Long, thick root Hickory and oak trees Found in monocots No single root larger than any other Many thin roots

Fibrous roots

23-2 Roots

Root Structure

Outside layer Epidermis

Root hairs Cortex

Central cylinder vascular system Root Cap cellular production

Key role in water/mineral transport

23-2 Roots

Root Functions

Anchor plant Absorb water Absorb nutrients

23-2 Roots

Plant Nutrient Uptake

Soil type determines plant type

Oxygen, CO2 Nitrogen Phosphorus Postassium Magnesium Calcium Trace elements

Plant requirements

23-2 Roots

Active Transport in Plants

Root hairs use ATP

Pump minerals from soil Causes water molecules to follow by osmosis

Vascular Cylinder

Casparian Strip water retention Forces water up into the plant

Root Pressure

23-3 Stems

Stem Structure

Produce leaves, branches, and flowers Hold leaves up Transport substance between roots and leaves

Essential part of transport system Function in storage and photosynthesis

23-3 Stems

Xylem and phloem major tubule systems

Transport water and nutrients

Composed of three tissue layers Contain nodes attachment for leaves Internodes regions between the nodes Buds undeveloped tissue

23-3 Stems

Stem Types

Monocot vascular bundles are scattered throughout

Distinct epidermis

Dicot vascular tissue arranged in a cylinder

Pith parenchyma cells inside the ring

23-3 Stems

Stem Growth

Primary growth new cells produced at the root tips and shoots

Increases the length

Secondary growth increase in stem width

Vascular cambium produces tissue and increases thickness Cork cambium produces outer covering of stems

23-3 Stems

Formation of Vascular Cambium

Xylem and phloem bundles present intially Secondary growth initiates production of a thin layer The vascular cambium divides

Produces new xylem and phloem

23-3 Stems

Formation of wood

Wood layers of exlem Produced year after year Results from the older xylem not conducting water heartwood Becomes darker with age Sapwood surrounds heartwood

23-3 Roots

Formation of Bark

All the tissues outside the vascular cambium Consists of outermost layers of dead cork Water proof

23-4 Leaves

Main sight of photosynthesis Consist of:

Blade thin flattened section Petiole stalk that attaches stem to blade

Covered by epidermis and cuticle

Create water proof barrier

23-4 Leaves

Leaf Functions

Photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll

Palisade mesophyll absorb light Spongy mesophyll beneath palisede level Stomata pores in the underside of the leaf Guard Cells Surround the stomata

23-4 Leaves

Transpiration

Loss of water through its leaves Replaced by water drawn into the leaf

23-4 Leaves

Gas Exchange

Take in CO2 and release O2 Can also do the opposite How? Gas exchange takes place at the stomata

Not open all the time

Stomata is controlled by water pressure in guard cells

23-5 Transport in Plants

Water Transport

Active transport and root pressure

Cause water to move from soil to roots Combined with active transport and root pressure, moves materials throughout the plant

Capillary action

23-5 Transport in Plants

Capillary Transport

Capillary transport results from both cohesive and adhesive forces Water molecules attracted to one another Water is also attracted to the xylem tubes in the plant Causes water to move from roots to the stem and upward

23-5 Transport in Plants

Transpiration

Evaporation is the major moving force As water is lost, osmotic pressure moves water out of vascular tissue This pulls water up from the stem to the leaves Affected by heat, humidity, and wind

23-5 Transport in Plants

Controlling Transpiration

Open the stomata increase water loss Close the stomata decrease water loss

23-5 Transport in Plants

Transpiration and Wilting

Osmotic pressure keeps plants semi-rigid Wilting is a result of high transpiration rates Loss of water causes a drop in osmotic pressure Loss of rigidity Conserves water

23-5 Transport in Plants

Nutrient Transport

Most nutrients are pushed through plant Nutrient movement takes place in phloem
Source any cell that produces sugars Sink any cell where sugars are used Pressure-flow Hypothesis

Source to Sink