Understanding Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Functions to Enhance Photosynthesis

A D VA N C E S I N B I O T E C H N O L O G Y BCH-751

May 5, 2012

Understanding Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Functions to Enhance Photosynthesis

RAJA TAHIR MAHMOOD 07-ARID-1642 P H . D B C H ( 1 ST )

Contents
3

Oxidative stress

Antioxidant network in

Reactive Oxygen Species

Lipid/ protein oxidation Antioxidant Photosynthesis Photosynthetic regulation

chloroplast
Genetic engineering

approach
Antioxidant signaling Summary References

by ROS

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Oxidative stress
4

Oxygen.. to produce energy

Generate during photosynthesis

Also produce reactive oxygen species OH-, O2-,

H2O2

Reduced by antioxidant Imbalance between production and reduction..

Oxidative stress

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Impact
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Immunogenic ROS damage macromolecules DNA Protein Lipids

Diseases. Cancer, aging, arthritis etc.

Reduce rate of photosynthesis

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ROS production
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Reactive Oxygen Species

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ROS are; Highly reactive Short life span Cascade of reaction

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Protein/ Lipid oxidation

8
O R N H H O H N HO. R O N H R H N O

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Antioxidants
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Detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI)

Compounds (Melatonin, ascorbate, glutathione) Enzymes (peroxiredoxin, SOD, Catalase)

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Conti..
10

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Photosynthesis
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Converts CO2 into organic compounds Use sunlight energy

Two phases..

Light dependent phase

Light independent phase

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Light-dependent phase
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Light-independent phase
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Photosynthesis and oxidative stress

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Photosynthesis source of ROS regulatory systems are required;

to minimize ROS production efficient antioxidant network.....ROS at low level

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Conti.
15

ROS unavoidable by-product.. oxygenic

photosynthesis
Thought as damaging but

Current research confirm role

Signaling Plant

growth
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Conti.
16

Increase ROS production. Increase oxidation

Decrease PS-II
Defense gene expression

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ROS production during Photosynthesis

17

Water oxidation at PS-II.. Produce e

Proton gradient for ATP FNR.. NADPH Singlet oxygen oxidize D1 protein

Normally PS-II repair itself Damage exceed .repairing.. photoinhibition

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Conti.
18

Cyclic electron flow;

More ATP production Avoid singlet oxygen production at PS-II

Produce superoxide and H2O2

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Oxidant Production
19

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Antioxidant network of chloroplasts

20

Photosynthesis source of oxidants O-2 ..damage PS-II H2O2 Inhibit photosynthesis inhibit CO2 fixation

So balance is necessary ROS production and scavenges

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Conti.
21

Ascorbate (AsA) and Glutathione (GSH)

Water soluble antioxidant Present in chloroplast AsA-GSH cycle

metabolize H2O2

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AsA-GSH cycle
22

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Conti..
23

Photosynthetic limitations
AsA absence APX oxidative inactivation Half inactivation 30s

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PRX-GPX Cycle
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Peroxiredoxin- Glutathione peroxidase cycle

Thioredoxin (TRX) dependent

Recycled to conti. cycle

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PRX-GPX Cycle
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Conti
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GPX can use GSH and TRX substrate TRX more efficient substrate

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APX-cycle OR GPX-cycle
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APX more affinity for H2O2 GPX can detoxify lipid peroxide, NO Both cycle are important Environmental conditions

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Interaction between two cycles

28

Arabidopsis thaliana, suppressed chloroplast located PRX. Enhanced MDA reductases and APXs production Compensate each other functions
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Conti
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Other Antioxidants
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hydrophobic antioxidant, a -tocopherol (Toc) In reduced form by AsA

Reduced singlet oxygen Lipid peroxyl radicals

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Alpha tocopherol action

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Interaction with AsA-GSH cycle

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A. thaliana, vitamin E deficient1 (vte1)...... High

conc. of AsA and GSH

VTE1- over expressing plants. LOW AsA and

GSH level

Suggesting interaction
Compensate each other Multiple controlling site
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Future understanding
33

Biosynthesis of Toc, GSH and AsA are well

understood
So, further understanding require

Synthesis and Accumulation in coordinated way Intracellular partitioning

Photosynthesis regulation
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Genetic Engineering approaches

34

Many strategies are used to protect from abiotic

stress;

Enhance stress tolerance Photosynthetic inhibition

Over expression of GR, DHAR, SOD in chloroplast Effective way of protecting plants
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ROS generation for signaling

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Enhancement of antioxidant capacity .

.protection to photosynthesis Suggesting;

Not an excess capacity for ROS destruction coordination . between production and destruction

ROS redox signaling; ROS production Lifetime become apparent

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Genetic engineering approaches

36

Increase antioxidant network . increase stress

resistant
Transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis over expressing thylakoid membrane bound APX enhanced tolerance to high light.. photooxidative stress
Transgenic tobacco CatE Escherichia coli catalase.. Stroma enhanced tolerance
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Conti..
37

KatE compensate APX inactivation

APX inactivation . Possible redox signaling

High ROS production Oxidative stress

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Conti.
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Cyanobacterial flavodoxin expression in higher

plants.. enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses

prevent electron misrouting Reducing ROS formation

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Metabolite antioxidant
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Galactinol , raffinose and glycinebetaines Antioxidant osmoproctants Differ from other.. not recycled

Enhance glycinebetaine biosynthesis increase

oxidative stress tolerance

It produce H2O2 Activate ROS -scavenging enzymes

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Antioxidant signaling
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deficient in cytosolic APX tobacco plants less

marked phenotype
ROS and antioxidants participate;

Programme cell death Enhance defense for survival

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Conti.
41

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Conti..
42

Singlet oxygen.. Programme cell death (PCD) H2O2 ..

PCD using salicylic acid

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Conti.
43

Chloroplastic ROS, AsA and GSH interact with

photosynthetic machinery

Participate in signaling pathway

Help to adopt environmental stress

The high light stress signaling pathways also interact

with hormone signaling pathways

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Retrograde signaling
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These signaling pathways involve retrograde

signaling
Regulate genes .. Env. Stresses
Oxidants and antioxidants may control interaction

between pathways much need to clear yet

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Summary
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ROS are unavoidable species of oxygenic

photosynthesis
Imbalance between production and utilization may

cause oxidative stress

Antioxidants clear these from cell to protect from

damage
ROS and antioxidant production act as signaling
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Enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities by genetic

manipulation increases stress tolerance

through efficient removal of ROS

Photosynthetic processes are desensitize d to environmental changes

Antioxidant systems have evolved not to completely

remove ROS but to allow these signals to persist

within the cellular environment

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Summary
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The persistence of ROS in stressful environmental

conditions serves to limit the capacity of photosynthesis

Manipulations of plant antioxidant defenses have

been largely limited to a small number of enzymes

More can be exploit, having protective functions, to

make photosynthetic process more better

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References
48

Dietz K J (2011) Peroxiredoxins in plants and cyano

bacteria. Antioxid Redox Signal (in press). Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S (2008) Recent advances in ascorbate biosynthesis and the physiological significance of ascorbate peroxidase in photosynthesizin g organisms. Biosci Biotechnol Bioche m 72: 11431154 Krieger-Liszkay A , F ufezan C, Tre bst A (2008 ) Singlet oxygen production in photosy stem II and related protection mechanism. Photosynth Res 98: 551564 Munekage YN, Genty B, Peltier G (2008) Effect o f PGR5 impairment on photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol., 49: 1688 1698
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References
49

Mittler R, Blumwald E (2010) Genetic engineering for

modern agriculture :challenges and perspectives. Annu Rev P lant Biol 61: 443462 Vass I , Cser K (2009) Janus-faced ch arge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition . Trends Plant Sci 14: 20020 5 Vass I , Aro E M (2008) Photoinhibition of photosynthetic electron trans-port. In G Rengered, Primary Processes of Photosynthesis: Basic Principles and Apparatus . Roy al Society o f Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 393411
Zurbriggen MD, Tognetti V B, Fillat MF, Hajirezaei MR, Valle EM,

Carrillo N (2008) Combating stress with flavodoxin : a promising route f or crop improvement . Trends Biotechnol 26: 531537
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