KEJ3103 DRAWING ENGINEERING

Chapter 2 GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION

KEJ3103 Drawing Engineering

2.1 Introduction
The solution of many graphical problems requires the use __________ and geometric construction. Geometry provides the __________ for the engineering design process. Engineering geometry is the basic geometric elements and forms used in engineering design.

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2.1 Introduction
The study of geometry can be broken into two broad types (Fig. 2.1): 1. ________ geometry: two dimensions; 2. ________ geometry: three dimensions.

Fig. 2.1: Types of geometry

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2.2 Geometric elements: Straight Lines

A straight line is the shortest distance between any two points (Fig. 2.2).

Fig. 2.2: Types of straight line

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2.2 Geometric elements: Straight Lines

Fig. 2.3: The alphabet of lines

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2.2 Geometric elements: Straight Lines

Fig. 2.4: The variations of lines

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2.3 Geometric elements: Angels

A fundamental application of geometric construction involves drawing lines at specified angels to each other. Fig. 2.5 gives names and definitions of various angles.

Fig. 2.5: Standards angels

Acute angel < 90 Right angel Exactly 90 Obtuse angel Between 90 and 180

Straight angel Exactly 180

Reflex angel Between 180 and 360

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2.3 Geometric elements: Angels

2.3.1 Angels construction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Copying an angle. Constructing a 30 angle. Constructing a 45 angle. Constructing a 60 angle. Constructing a 90 angle (perpendicular, right angle) at: 5.1 The end of a line segment. 5.2 A point on a line segment. 5.3 Through a point not on a line segment. 5.4 The midpoint of a line segment.

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2.4 Geometric elements: Polygons

Is a _________ plane figure of any number of sides. If the sides of a polygon are equal in length, the polygon is a _______ polygon. A regular polygon can be inscribed in a circle and all its corner points will lie on the circle (Fig. 2.6). The sum of the angles inside any polygon is S = (n-2) x 180, where n is the number of sides of the polygon.
Fig. 2.6: Example of regular polygon: Pentagon (5 sides)

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2.4 Geometric elements: Polygons

2.4.1 Triangles A 3 sided polygon (Fig.2.7). The sum of the interior angels of a triangle is _______ 180.

Isosceles
2 sides equal

Equilateral
All sides equal

Scalene
No sides equal

Right triangle
One angle 90

Obtuse
One angle greater than 90

Acute

All angles less All interior angles equal than 90

Equiangular

Fig. 2.7: Types of triangles and their definitions

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2.4 Geometric elements: Polygons

2.4.1 Triangles Constructing a triangles, please see attachments:
1. 2. 30-60-90 triangle. Isosceles triangle given the base and one side.

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2.4 Geometric elements: Polygons

2.4.2 Quadrilateral Is a 4 sided polygon of any shape (Fig.2.8) . The sum of the interior angels of a triangle is ______.

Square
All sides equal, all angles 90

Rectangle
Opposite sides equal, all angles 90

Parallelogram
Opposite sides parallel

Trapezoid
Two sides parallel

Rhombus
Opposite sides parallel and equal

Kite
Adjacent pairs of sides equal

Fig. 2.8: Types of quadrilaterals and their definitions

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2.4 Geometric elements: Polygons

2.4.3 Circle A line forming a __________, every point on which is a fixed distance from a center point (Fig.2.9). A circle is constructed by swinging a radius from a fixed point through 360. The sum of the interior angels of a triangle is always 180.
Tangen t

Diameter s diu Ra

Fig. 2.9: Elements of a circle and their definitions

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2.5 Geometric solids

Fig. 2.10: Types of geometric solids

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2.6 Bisecting lines and angels

2.6.1 Lines Perpendicular bisector of a line segment. 2.6.2 Angels Bisect an angel.

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2.7 Arcs
A portion of the circumference of a circle (Fig. 2.11).

Fig. 2.11: An arc

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2.8 Parallel lines

Lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane, and are the same distance apart over their entire length (Fig. 2.12).

Fig. 2.12: A parallel line

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2.9 Tangents
A line that contacts an arc or circle at only one point (Fig.2.13).

Fig. 2.13: A tangent to an arc

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The End

KEJ3103 Drawing Engineering