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CSL- 7
Anthropometry
-is the process of weighing and measuring children. -is a major determinant of health, and the resolution of many nutritional issues of public health concern, requires survey data. -is to provide information useful for studying the relationship among Diet : Nutritional status : & Health.
Anthropometrics study
Anthropometrics studies are the objective measurements of body muscle and fat. They are used To compare individuals To compare growth in the young To assess weight loss or gain in the mature individual. Weight and height are the most frequently used anthropometric measurements, & Skinfold measurements of several areas of the body are also taken.
Anthropometry
Determining frame size is an attempt at attributing weight to specific body compartments. Frame size identifies an individual relative to the bone size, but does not differentiate muscle mass from body fat. It is the muscle mass that is metabolically active and body fat that is associated with disease states. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to estimate the bodyfat mass. BMI is derived from an equation using weight and height.
Nutrition
Introduction Rapid nutritional surveys are to be carried out for the a. baseline survey
key indicators
The key indicator of project impact will be: The reduction of chronic malnutrition ('stunting' or 'height for age') among children less than 5 years of age. Other important indicators will be reduction of acute malnutrition ('wasting) underweight ('weight for age').
Methods
In addition to dietary intake methodologies, Questionnaire material, Hematological tests, and Nutritional biochemistries,
The assessment of nutritional status requires a series of height, weight, and other anthropometric dimensions.
What is Anthropometry?
Anthropometry is a science which relates to the measurement of body dimensions. These may be : 1. Lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone or femur), 2. Breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders, the biacromial breadth), 3. Girths (e.g. waist circumference) 4. height and weight. 5. Skinfold thickness
Skinfold thickness
Skinfold thickness at various sites on the body (e.g. at the back of the upper arm, tricep skinfold).
SKINFOLDS-
Risks
Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue are important because individuals with large values of fat are reported to be at increased risks for: Hypertension, Adult-onset diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease, Gallstones, Arthritis, Other diseases, and Forms of cancer.
Uses of Anthropometrics
Actual height, weight, and body measurements including skinfolds, girths, and breadths will be collected for purposes of:1. Assessing growth, 2. Body fat distribution, and for 3. Provision of reference data. 4. Measurements of height and weight will allow for a revision of the child growth charts which are based in part on data collected study. 5. Anthropometric measurements such as skinfolds and circumferences and bioelectrical impedance (a method used to estimate the amount of lean tissue) will allow: cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between obesity and risk of disease.
Anthropometric measurements are taken on a variety of people for a variety of reasons: Monitoring athletes; Tracking growth, (normal or retarded) Development, and Motor performance in children; Linking physical activity and nutrition interventions to changes in body size, shape and composition; Assessing changes in body dimensions in response to disease; Identifying markers for potential sporting performance. Nutritional assessment.
Nutritional assessment A nutritional assessment is an in-depth evaluation of both objective and subjective data related to: an individual's food nutrient intake, lifestyle, medical history.
Once the data on an individual is collected and organized, the practitioner can assess and evaluate the nutritional status of that person.
The assessment leads to: a plan of care, or intervention, designed to help the individual either maintain the assessed status or attain (get) a healthier status.
Elements of Assessment
What are the data? The data for a nutritional assessment falls into four categories: Anthropometric data Biochemical data Clinical data Dietary data.
Weight and height are the most frequently used Anthropometric measurements, and Skinfold measurements of several areas of the body are also taken.
Skinfold testing
Skinfold testing is based on the premise that the majority of your body fat is subcutaneous right below your skin where you can see and grab it. By pinching the skin and fat and measuring the thickness of the fold at one or more sites, you can get a fairly accurate estimate of your total body fat percentage and more importantly, a way to consistently measure your progress from week to week.
skin-fold calipers
To estimate body fat skin-fold measurements can be made using skin-fold calipers.
Most frequently, TRICEP and
SUBSCAPULAR (shoulder blade) skin-folds are
measured. Measurements can then be compared to reference dataand to previous measurements of the individual (if available). Accurate measuring takes practice, and comparison measurements are most reliable if done by the same technician each time.
Guideline 2
1. All measurements, except skinfolds, should be taken to the nearest tenth of a centimeter 1.0 cm or 10.0 mm (millimeter). 2. Skinfold measurements are taken to the nearest 0.1 mm (millimeter) 3. Measures that exceed specific limits on the computer will be repeated by each technician. 4. All skinfold measurements will be done in duplicate (i.e., by two different technicians or twice by the same technician) SINCE THESE MEASURES HAVE THE MOST VARIABILITY.
Four sites
Site 1 - Biceps The anterior surface of the biceps midway between the anterior fold and the antecubital fossa. Site 2 - Triceps A Vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arm, over the triceps muscle, halfway between the acrosion process (bony process on top of the shoulder) and olecranon process (bony process on elbow). The elbow should be extended and the arm relaxed. Site 3 - Subscapular The fold is taken on the diagonal line coming from the vertebral border to between 1 and 2cm from the inferior angle of the scapulae. (A diagonal fold about 1 to 2cm below the point of the shoulder blade and 1-2cm toward the arm). Site 4 - Suprailiac A diagonal fold above the crest of the ilium at the spot where an imaginary line would come down from the anterior auxiliary line just above the hipbone and 2-3cm forward.
4 sites protocol
2nd protocol
Three sites system
1. Chest 2. Abdomen 3. Thigh.
Skinfold should be firmly grasped by THUMB & INDEX finger, gently pull the skinfold away from the body.
Clinical data.
Clinical data provides information about the individual's medical history, including acute and chronic illness and diagnostic procedures, therapies, or treatments that may increase nutrient needs or induce malabsorption. Current medications need to be documented, and both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs, such as laxatives or analgesics, must be included in the analysis. Vitamins, minerals, and herbal preparations also need to be reviewed. Physical signs of malnutrition can be documented during the nutrition interview and are an important part of the assessment process.
Being categorized as clinically obese means that body fat is at such a level that health problems become more of a concern. Men are considered borderline at 25% body fat and clinically obese at 30% women are borderline at 30% and clinically obese at 35% body fat.
Essential body fat at least 2-3% for men and 7-8% for women.
10-12% - Essential Fat 14-20% - Athletic Fat Levels 21-24% - Fitness Fat Levels 25-31% - Acceptable Fat Levels >32% - Obese