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lecture and slide #7

Dental waxes Dental Material What are waxes used for?

Waxes have a variety of uses in clinics and laboratories.

In clinics Bite registration

In laboratories Boxing techniques when you want


to make a base for your impression you pour the impression with gypsum & you want to make the base in the same time, so you use the boxing wax to rap it all around the tray & pour the gypsum inside so you get the anatomical & the at portion of the model.

Alterations and adaptation Baseplate for complete and for impression trays to adjust the partial dentures you have your model,
tray if it is too short by adding wax to make it longer you have a base & then you place the wax on the top so that you can set the teeth for the complete denture, later on this wax will be replaced by acrylic resin to make the denture.

Direct waxing for cast restorations metallic or ceramics-- as you ceramics


make a pattern made of wax then you melt the wax & replace it with ceramics or metals but this time you make it in the clinic in pts mouth or the post-crown postrestoration (after you filled a tooth with root canal filling, if there is not much of the crown left, part of the root will be removed & replaced with core to support the crown, this core is made of metal that is made of wax firstly in pts mouth & replaced by metal), so you put the wax in the canal space until it takes the shape then you take it out & send it the lab to be replaced

Hold components before articulation

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Indirect pattern for casting

COMPOSITION
2 sources: 1-Natural waxes produced from:
Plants from trees they extract the wax Minerals: paraffin wax Animals: beeswax

2-Synthetic waxes Additional components: gums, oils, resins, fats. Just to change the properties a little pit.
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PROPERTIES
1.

Melting range: since it is made of different materials a range of temperatures not a certain melting temperature at which each component of the wax will start to soften and then flow for example70-90 degree. The operator can control the viscosity of wax by controlling temperature. 2. Flow: is the movement of the wax as molecules slip over each other. Melting range and flow of the wax are important in wax manipulation by operator it is important to select the wax with the proper melting range for clinical use. E.g. bite registration wax you need a wax that are not
melted below mouth temperature, otherwise once you place it in the oral cavity, it starts to melt & become too soft & it will not record occlusal relationship properly.

You have 3 blocks of wax& you place a small amount of weight on top of each one. No flow as wax is not soft.

Flow depend on the melting range of the wax & it is important for manipulation.

With time flow will increase as the wax start to melt.

PROPERTIES
3. Excess residue: for the sake of accuracy in the object produced, if excess residue remains after melted wax is removed, inaccuracies may occur. (lost wax technique procedure When we carve
the restoration in wax first then we put investment material around it in oven, melt it & then metal goes in. ) We use many equipment when we are dealing with wax, sometimes we use oven, carvers or wax knife all of these should be very clean once we finish our restoration so when we make another restoration there will be no excess wax or residue as it leads to inaccuracy in the new restoration.

so you finish your restoration, you want to make another one, you have to clean the
wax inside again completely otherwise any excess will lead to inaccuracy in the new restoration.
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PROPERTIES
4.

Dimensional change: waxes expand when heated, contract when cooled. Thermal expansion of waxes is highest among dental materials important for accuracy of the restoration. This property is important especially for pattern waxes, when we
are making a crown or a bridge we should make it firstly in wax but if you allow it to stay for more than 30 min the wax will start to deform & change in shape as there is stress inside the wax & by time it will be released.

(e.g. inlay wax).

How:

If wax is heated well beyond melting range or unevenly, unacceptable expansion occurs. So when you
are over heating or cooling the wax, when you use it again, it will contract or expand unevenly throughout leading to inaccuracy.

If wax is allowed to stand for a long time, the release of residual stresses will lead to dimensional changes and inaccuracies. This is why pattern wax should be invested within 30 minutes of carving.

CLASSIFICATION OF WAXES
Pattern wax
Using wax then replace it.

Processing wax Boxing wax Utility wax

Impression wax Corrective impression wax Bite registration wax _____________

Inlay wax Casting wax

Baseplate wax Sticky wax

PATTERN WAXES
Inlay waxes: are used to produce patterns for metal casting using the lost wax technique.

The dark restoration is wax, they drill a cavity & fit the wax as this wax later on will be replaced by a restoration not metal but composite or ceramics-.
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Fixed ridge carved in wax

Wax is replaced by metals

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Continue,
Type I: placed directly in the prepared tooth in the direct waxing technique. This wax has a low melting range. Type II: melted on a die outside the mouth in the indirect you place it in gypsum model then it is replaced by metal or porcelaintechnique (more commonly used). These waxes are supplied as pellets and sticks. They are blue and green in color. Hard, medium, soft depending on melting range.

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Continue,
Casting wax: used to construct the metal framework for partial and complete dentures. Supplied in sheets or preformed shapes.
They come in different shapes (bars or meshwork), they are attached to the cast or the model & then invested (wax is melted away & metal goes in)

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Partial denture have a metal components to give support, so usually the shape of the metal framework is made if wax first then melted away to be replaced with metals.

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Continue,
Baseplate wax: sheets of wax pink in color. These sheets are layered to produce the form on which denture teeth are set
So wax is attached to the gypsum model while you are placing or setting the teeth, then you have to replace the wax with acrylic resin.

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PROCESSING WAX
Boxing wax: used to form the base portion of a gypsum model. Easily manipulated at room temperature.
Placed all around the tray usually when we want to make it a little pit soft to attach it to the tray, you just need to place it in your hands then it will be a little pit softened & you can attach it to the tray. Usually properly it should be completely dry, otherwise it will not stick to the tray.
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Continue,
Utility wax: also called periphery wax, comes in ropes, and easily manipulated at room temperature. Used to adjust impression trays -to make it longer-, used to cover sharp brackets -edgesand wires in orthodontic appliances, layered in sheets for bite registration.

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Utility wax

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Continue,
Sticky wax: comes in yellow - orange sticks that are hard and brittle at room temperature. When heated, become soft and sticky. Used to adhere -attach- components of metal, gypsum, resin during fabrication and repair.
Let s say that you have a broken denture & you want to repair it, you put the 2 pieces together & attach them with the sticky wax.

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It is a brittle type of wax (hard & rigid at room temperature & when you melt it , it become soft & liquid).

Sticky wax

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IMPRESSION WAXES
Corrective impression wax: used with other impression materials for edentulous impressions, to correct undercut areas. Flows at mouth temperature.
Not used commonly there days but we use it if there are holes or bubbles in our gypsum model to cover the holes & correct the shape of the cast.

Bite registration: to produce wax bite registration for articulation of models. Susceptible to distortion, needs careful handling.
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Wax sheets used for impression and bite registration


We can cut it in any shape we want & place it in pts mouth.
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U shaped like dental arch so easier to use.

Wax sheets, horseshoe shaped, rods

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MANIPULATION
Softened evenly in:
Warm hands boxing wax
Warm water

Dry heat Flame

Added in layers into an object not one bulk Should be invested within 30 minutes of carving so the
stress will not be allowed to be released & the crown or bridge will not change its shape so more accurate

Utility and boxing wax should remain dry to allow to stick when manipulated. Should be stored at or slightly below room temperature so you have to know the melting range to store it in a proper
temperature.
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Lost wax technique


1. An impression of the preparation is taken and 2. 3. 4. 5.

poured into high strength stone to form a die. Wax pattern is carved Wax or plastic sprue is attached to pattern Pattern and sprue are encased in investment ring, into which investment gypsum is poured Once investment sets, wax pattern and sprue are heated in a burnout oven, causing wax and sprue to vaporize (lost wax), leaving an impression of wax pattern in the empty case

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Lost wax technique continue,


6. Molten metal is poured through the empty

channel formed by sprue, into the empty wax pattern space. 7. Metal cools, sprue removed, casting cleaned and polished and now ready for cementation

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Lost wax technique


Made of wax

Wax go out

Tube or canal for metal to go in & reach the pattern

Metal goes in

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REFERENCE
Dental materials, clinical applications for dental assistants and dental hygienists Chapter 15

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