Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Enlightenment
Thinker
1. John Locke,
Country
England,
Major Ideas/Accomplishment
Natural Rights: Life, Liberty and Property. (Ideas used in the Declaration of Independence)
Social Contract: Supported Absolutism, People are selfish, evil and need to be controlled.
3. Rousseau,
France,
4. Montesquieu,
France,
5. Voltaire,
France,
5. The Reign of Terror was led by Robespierre a radical revolutionary. Many people were executed using the guillotine. 6. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the government in 1799 by a coup d-etat, or revolt by military leaders to overthrow a government. 7. Napoleons achievements: Napoleonic Code, National Bank. 8. Why did Napoleons empire crumble: Oppressive (cruel), nationalism, Russias scorched earth policy (Russia destroyed anything that may be useful to the enemy). 9. Effects of the Revolution: Nationalism, democracy spread.
Congress of Vienna
1. There were a series of meetings after the death of Napoleon to restore the balance of power to Europe by creating a sense of peace and stability. 2. Metternich was the dominant political figure at the meetings.
Country
Accomplishments
Venezuela, The Liberator, military leader, inspired by the Enlightenment and helped gain Chile, independence for 7 countries. Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Haiti Self educated, former slave led a revolt against French in late 1700s.
Toussaint LOuverture
Jose de San Argentina and Joined forces with Bolivar in 1810s to Chile help obtain independence from Spain. Martin Porfirio Diaz
Mexico Dictator late 1800s and early 1900s, brutally fought opposition, left people uneducated, poor and landless.
1. The Latin American independence movements were influenced by the French and American Revolutions.
Nationalism
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nationalism is loyalty to your nation, religion, heritage, etc. The Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist movements that occurred in France, Austrian Empire, Italy and Germany. In India the Indian National Congress was a mainly Hindu organization formed to help encourage modernization and democracy for India. The Muslim League was formed in 1906 to further Muslim interests in India. The Young Turks were a group of liberals in Turkey who wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of Western imperialism. The Armenian Massacre was 25 year genocide. Muslim Turks turned against Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. 1 Million Christians were killed. Pan-Slavism is a nationalistic movement based on the idea that all slavic people shared a common heritage. Zionism: A. Pogroms are violent attacks on the Jewish community. B. Zionism is the movement devoted to building a Jewish state in Palestine.
Unification Movements
1. Italy:
- Giuseppe Garibaldi: Formed nationalist group Red Shirts. Won control of Southern Italy and helped to unite the North. - Giuseppe Mazzini: Formed Young Italy (nationalist movement) in 1831. Exiled for beliefs. - Camilo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia. Drove Austria from Italy.
2. Germany: A. Wilhelm I. Appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. B. Later, Wilhelm took the title Kaiser which means German Emperor. C. Bismarck has two important policies: realpolitik and blood and iron.
Industrial Revolution
1. The movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution a change in methods of farming. Causes: Natural Resources, population growth, capital for investment. The factory system is a means of mass producing manufactured items. This leads to cheaper prices and increased population. Interchangeable parts: materials that can be swapped for machinery to meet specific needs. Interdependence means: countries relying upon each other.
2. 3.
4.
5.
6. Capitalism: economic system in which production is privately owned. A. Laissez Faire means: businesses operating without government interference. 7. Marxism: economic system where production is owned by the people. A. The Communist Manifesto: book by Marx and Engels. B. Proletariat means: lower class poor. C. Bourgeoisie means: upper class 8. Social Darwinism is: the application of Darwins ideas to society (survival of the fittest). 9. Socialism: an ideology that focuses on society rather than the individual. 10. Effects: global migration, global economy, pollution, population increases.
Imperialism
1.Imperialism: When one country takes over another for economic benefit. 2. Causes: Ethnocentrism, military power, raw materials and White Mans Burden. 3. The White Mans Burden was a poem by Rudyard Kipling that offered a justification for imperialism. 4. Skip the chart for now. 5. Effects: Cultural diffusion, competition, Western domination of the world.
Country
Imperial Power
Great Britain
Important Concepts
Sepoy Mutiny: Indian attempt to defeat the British (Sepoys are Indians who were trained by the British as soldiers)
India
Great Britain, US, Spheres of influence, Opium War Japan, France, (English drug-trafficking), Taiping Germany, Russia Rebellion (lasted 20 years, 20 million people died), Boxer Rebellion Great Britain, Netherlands Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Spain Boer War (British vs. the Dutch Boers. British won) Scramble for Africa (European countries (scrambled to claim territory in Africa), Berlin Conference (regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, native Africans had no say)
World War I.
1. Causes: MANIA Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism and Assassination (of Arch Duke Ferdinand). The original members of the Triple Alliance are Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The original members of the Triple Entente France, Russia and Great Britain. What are the Balkans? the Powder Keg of Europe tense region in Eastern Europe. The Eastern Front was along the German/Russian border. The Western Front was in Northwestern France (Trench Warfare). Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote or damage a cause.
2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. Why did the US enter WWI? Unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the Lusitania. 9. Why did Russia withdraw from WWI? Internal problems (civil war). 10. The Treaty of Versailles listed the provisions that ended WWI. 11. The Treaty created the League of Nations. (task was to ensure that a war never broke out again) 12. Effects: Germans blamed for the war, league of nations, empires collapsed.
Russian Revolution
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Causes: Czarist rule, unhappiness of peasants, unhappiness of workers, diversity and nationalism. The March Revolution was a 1917 peasant revolt leading to the Czar abdicating (stepping down from) the throne. A Soviet is a council of workers and soldiers in the USSR. The Bolshevik Party was a revolutionary socialist party. The leader of the Bolsehvik Party was V.I. Lenin. The New Economic Policy was Lenins economic policy that allowed some privately owned businesses.
7. Joseph Stalin took control of the USSR after Lenins death. 8. Totalitarianism is one party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of life. 9. Stalin launched 2 five year plans to help boost the Soviet economy. 10. A command economy is a government that makes all economic decisions. 11. Collective farms are state owned farms operated by peasants.
4. Causes of the Great Depression: weakness in economics, less demand for raw materials, stock market crash, overproduction of goods. Effects: Loss of faith in democracy, communism strengthened, unemployment rose. 5. Fascism: Rule of people by nationalist, imperialist, dictatorship government.
Leader
Ended civil rights, oneparty government, rebuilt military, restricted lives of Jews Benito Italy, Fascist Force and Terror, ended Mussolini free elections, speech, and press Francisco Spain, Fascist Authoritarian leader, won Franco Spanish Civil War Emperor Hirohito Japan Militaristic, Imperialistic
Adolf Hitler
Policies
World War II
1. Causes: Appeasement, German Aggression, Japan invades China, Italy attacks Ethiopia. 2. Appeasement: policy in which nations gave into aggressive demands to maintain peace. 3. Skip Chart 4. The war in Europe ended on May 7, 1945 with the surrender of the Germans. 5. The war ended in the Pacific with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US in August 1945.
6. The Holocaust is an example of genocide that Hitler forced against the Jews. He set up concentration camps, detention centers where Jews were starved, shot or gassed to death. 7. Effects: 75 million people killed, economic losses, Nuremberg trials, occupied nations, formation of the UN.
Battle of Stalingrad
Germans invaded USSR in 1941. Freezing Russian winter forced a Nazi defeat.
El Alamein
British forces stopped German advances in Africa and eventually trapped them.
Invasion of Italy
British and Americans invade Italy Hitler was forced to send troops to Italy.
Invasion of Normandy
June 6, 1944 Allied forces broke through German defenses to advance toward Paris and freed France from German control.
7. The Theory of Containment hoped to limit the spread of communism to areas already under Soviet control. 8. Germany was divided into two major parts: East Germany and West Germany. The capital city of Berlin was also divided into East and West. 9. Stalin blockades West Berlin forcing the US and Great Britain to begin the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies and food to the people.
10. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization (anticommunist military alliance) 11. The Warsaw Pact is alliance of USSR and its allies. 12. An arms race is a competition to obtain the most and best weapons. 13. Sputnik I. Was the first satellite launched into space by the USSR. 14. A nonaligned nation is a nation that did not choose a side during the Cold War.
B.
C. Cuban Missile Crisis: The USSR placed missiles aimed at the US in Cuba heightening tensions. President Kennedy agreed not to attack Cuba and Premier Kruschev asked Castro to take the missiles down. D. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. They attempted to overthrow a Muslim government. The Soviets were forced to withdraw.
16. The SALT I treaty was signed by Nixon and Brezhnev and both countries agreed to limit missile production. 17. Carter and Brezhnev signed the SALT II treaty but it was not ratified by the US Congress. 18. Dtente is the relaxing of Cold War tensions.
Communist China
1. Today there are two Chinas. The Peoples Republic of China located on the mainland and Taiwan known as the Republic of China. 2. Mao Zedong emerged as the communist leader in the 1930s. 3. Mao fled from the nationalist (Guomindang) forces led by Chaing Kai-Shek on a 6,000 mile retreat known as the Long March. 4. He organized the Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural output through the creation of communes.
5. In 1966, Mao launched the cultural revolution to renew loyalty to communism. This movement was supported by a student formed group called the Red Guards. 6. When Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took over and attempted to modernize China by implementing the Four modernizations. 7. In May 1989, political protestors demanding more rights were killed during the Tiananmen Square Massacre. 8. In 1997, Great Britain handed control of Hong Kong back to the Chinese.
Collapse of Imperialism
1. India: A. India earned their independence from Great Britain in 1947 under the guidance of Mohandas Gandhi. The first Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru. B. India is partitioned (divided) into two countries: Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. C. After Nehrus death, Sikh extremists assassinated two following Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. D. Sikhism is a religion that blends Hinduism and Islam. E. The Caste System underwent major changes, yet today it is still a part of Indian society. F. During the Cold War, India followed a policy of nonalignment
2. Africa: Country Leaders What hardships did they face? How did they earn their independence? Ghana Kenya
Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta Pan Africanism, boycotted British, Granted independence in 1957. Wanted land that had been taken from them some violent uprisings by kikuyu led to jail time for Kenyatta, later he is freed and becomes 1st Prime Minister. French colony- Muslim nationalist movement led to war. Algeria gained independence in 1962. Apartheid legal segregation of races, 1994 Apartheid was over 1st election where everyone could vote, Mandela is elected.
N/A
Algeria S. Africa
Nelson Mandela & FW de Klerk
3. Cambodia: A. The Khmer Rouge, a group of Communist guerillas, who gained control of the government in 1969. B. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, Cambodia underwent a purge of western influence by way of genocide. More than 1 million people were killed.
4. Myanmar: A. Myanmar was formally known as Burma. After gaining independence, a repressive military government took control. B. Aung San Suu Kyi won an electoral victory in 1990 but was placed under house arrest until 1995. She still fights for democracy.
Palestine Lebanon
Iran
Iraq
6. Poland: A. Solidarity was an independent trade union led by Lech Walesa. The group sought political change. B. In 1989, due to the weak USSR, Poland was able to hold their 1st elections in 50 years. Lech Walesa was elected President. 7. Germany: A. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and East and West Germany united for the 1st time since the end of WWII. B. Reunification did lead to some problems such as high taxes and unemployment. 8. The Balkans: A. After the fall of communism Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia separated from Yugoslavia and became independent states. B. The policy of removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group is known as ethnic cleansing.
Argentina Juan Perons repressive government led to huge debt and Guatemala Civil War between indigenous (local) Indians and military.
1996, rebels gave up and peace was reached.
Cuba
1959 Fidel Castro gains control of government, Later he gains support of USSR backed), 1990 Contras Violeta Chamorro is elected.
Nicaragua Civil War Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras (US Mexico Panama
PRI dominated Mexican politics from 1900 1997 when they lost the monopoly of power. NAFTA is created to lower trade barriers in N. America. Panama was given control of the canal in 2000 by the US.
Economic Trends
1. Northern, Wealthy Nations: Western Europe, N.America, Japan, Australia. 2. Southern, Poor Nations: Asia, Africa and Latin America. 3. Obstacles to development: geography, population growth, past economic policies, economic dependence (debt), political instabilities.
A. IMF: International Monetary Fund helps nations in debt. B. ASEAN: Association of South Eastern Asian Nations. C. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada and Mexico). D. EC: Common Market, expanded trade. E. EU: European Union, introduced euro. F. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls oil prices.
Problem/Leader
Yugoslav president (Milosevic), used ethnic cleansing against nonserbs. Sikhs want self-rule, Sri Lanka, Indonesia
Resolution?
NATO intervened in 1999 but Milosevic refused peace.
In Sri Lanka Buddhist vs. Hundus, In Indonesia Catholic wanted independence. Indonesia used force but gave independence in 1999. 1994 Hutu extremists launched genocide against Tutsi. It was stopped when Tutsi led rebel army took over the government.
Problem/Leader
Palestine and Iraq (Saddam Hussein)
Resolution?
Palestinians gained some self-rule in Isreal. Violence is still a problem. Saddam was removed from power and executed. Democracy is trying to become established.
Kim Jong Il (communist Countries fear the nuclear capabilities Dictator) of N. Korea. They remain poor due to high military spending. Hu Jintao communist China and US relations strained due to American spy plane landing in China. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Catholics) tried to drive the British out of Northern Ireland. Protestants formed their own groups. Terrorist activity became common. Ceasefire 1995 incidents still occur.
Britain maintained control of 6 northern countries of Ireland after its independence in 1922.
Area
Problem/Leader
Resolution?
Indian city Kashmir wants to separate from India and join Muslim Pakistan. Both countries are nuclear.
Collapse of communism 1994-96 Russia fought war in led to difficult transition. Chechnya (who wanted independence) 1999 Russia blamed Chechnya for attack on Moscow.
4. The United Nations: A. List the ways that the UN maintains peace around the world Peacekeeping operations, disaster relief, fighting for human rights.
Egypt
Algeria
Urbanization
In cities, traditional values often fade. Women have more opportunities in cities. Poor, overcrowded shantytowns grow due to high cost of living.
Status of Women
West women share equality Middle East varied, some rights to few rights
Global Migration
Due to influx in 1996, Germany no longer takes immigrants. Mid 1970s French limit immigrants, in US illegal immigration is a problem.
Medical Technology
People are living longer and enjoying better quality of life (due to vaccines, transplants, antibiotics and laser surgery). We have seen cloning, and AIDS drug resistant microbes.
The Environment
Problem Pollution Acid Rain Depletion of the Ozone Layer Global Warming Description
Contamination of the environment
Solutions
Government sets standards on water and air quality Reduction of emissions that release pollutants into the air. Eliminate CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
Rain that falls through the air and becomes polluted by fossil fuels Layer of gases in the atmosphere that a hole is forming in. Gradual rise in global temperatures (greenhouse effects)
Reduction of emissions
Problem Deforestation
Description
Destruction of forests (especially tropical rainforests)
Solutions
Creating new sources of income for countries who are participating in deforestation. Banning shipment and sale of endangered animals, preserving habitats. Restricting livestock grazing, irrigation Disposing of radioactive waste properly
Wiping out of various animal and plant species Changeover of arable land into desert Spread of nuclear weapons