PLAN

y Introduction of Research y Objectives of Research y Motivation of Research y Terminologies y Types of Research y Unscientific methods of Problem solving y Scientific methods of Problem solving / Research process y Criteria for good Research y Problems encountered by Researchers in India

INTRODUCTION
y Search of knowledge y It is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on

specific topic
y According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), A careful inquiry

specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge

y According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and

redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
y To gain familiarity with a phenomenon y To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular

individual, situation or a group

y To determine the frequency with which something occurs

or with which it is associated with something else

y To identify the casual relationship between variables

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
y Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential

benefits
y Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved

problems
y Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work y Desire to be of service to society y Desire to get respectability

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
y Data: Measurement of records of facts made under specific

conditions
y Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or expected

results of the study

y Independent variable: The part of the experiment that

the researcher is manipulating; also called experimental or treatment variable.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
y Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent

variable
y Population: A total number of subjects which they abide

the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

y Paradigm crisis phenomenon: development of

discrepancies leading to proposals of new paradigm that better explain the data.

SOME TERMINOLOGIES
y Review: A research paper that is a critical evaluation

of research on a particular topic.

y Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal preparation

that includes introduction, review of literature and proposed method of conducting study.

TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Descriptive research Analytical research Applied research Basic research Quantitative research Qualitative research Conceptual research

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
y Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds y Purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists

at present. y Researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.

SUBIVISIONS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

y Survey research y The case study y Job analysis y Observational research y Correlation study y Comparative study y Epidemiological research

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
y Involves in-debth study and evaluation of available

information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenon. y The researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

y Historical research y Philosophical research y Review y Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analysis the

review that already published)

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH

y Finding a solution an immediate problem y Say a solution

SUBTYPES y Marketing research y Evaluation research

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

generalization and with the formulation of theory y Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the examples of basic research y Finding information in broad base.
y

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
y Based on measurement of quantity or amount y Weighing, measuring are the examples of quantitative

research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
y Phenomena relating quality or kind y Character, personality and man kind are the examples

of variable used to measure the qualitative research y Word association test, Sentence completion test are the examples of qualitative research

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL RESEARCH

y Related to some abstract ideas / theory experiment y Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship

UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PROBLEM SOLVING

y Tenacity y Intuition y Authority y The Rationalistic method y The Empirical method

TENACITY
y Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of

supporting evidence y Superstitions are good examples of this method called tenacity. y Coaches and athletes wearing same dress y Black cat brought bad luck

INTUITION
y Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to be

common sense or self evident y Factual evidence y Self evident truth sometime may found to be false

AUTHORITY
y Reference to some authority has long been used as a

source of knowledge. y Galileo s telescope y Ptolemy s explanation about world and heaven

THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD

y Derive knowledge through reasoning y Basket ball players are tall. y Tony is a basket ball player y Therefore, tony is tall

THE EMPIRICAL METHOD

y Describes data or a study that is based on objective

observation y Gathering data is scientific method experience plays major role.

but here

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH IN VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:

Marketing Management: In the process of marketing management the Research are used for y Demand forecasting y Consumer buying behavior y Measuring advertising usefulness y Media selection y Test marketing y Product position new or old

Production Management:
y The research is useful for an organization in deciding

the y Nature of goods to be produce y How much to produce? y When to produce? y For whom to produce? y Quality control y Optimum inventory level

Material Management:
y This material department uses research to frame

suitable policies regarding inventory norms such as: y How much to buy? y From whom to buy? y From where to buy? y When to buy? y On what price to buy?

Human resource management:

This department use research to study y Wage rates y Incentive schemes y Cost of living y Employees turn over ratio y Labor absenteeism y Employment trend y Job evaluation y Merit rating (performance evaluation)

Banking and finance:

y Banking institution is useful to research departments

for the purpose of collecting and analyzing information for interest operation and for making detail economic condition of business. RBI has set up a special Research Department for Planning and Management Reporting.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING / RESEARCH PROCESS

y y y y y y y y y y

Formulating research problem Review of literature Developing hypothesis Preparing research design and sample design Collecting data Execution of project Analysis of data Hypothesis testing Generalisation and Interpretation Preparation of report or thesis

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM

y Problems are divided two types  Problems which relate to state of nature  Those which relate correlation between variables y Subject of interest to be selected as a problem y Always select unsolved problem y Initially, may propose in Broadway and ambiguities

may resolved y Feasibility

FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM

y Understanding the problem thoroughly y Rephrasing the same into meaningful term y Discuss the problems with colleagues y Staff members and guide y Take a view of old reviews y The

final question should be precise and grammatically correct and should state exactly what you expect to learn as a result of a study.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
y Journals y References y Reports y Books y Library is good friend y Internet and websites

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS

y It should be very specific and limited to the piece of

research in hand because it has to be tested. y The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. y Discussion with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking solution y Examinations of data and records y Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems y Personal investigation which involves original field interviews.

PREPARING RESEARCH AND SAMPLE DESIGN

y State the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted y Type of research design y Experimental , quasi experimental and non experimental y Setting of the study y Population y Criteria for selection y Variables y Sample selection

COLLECTING DATA
y Several ways are there to collect the appropriate data y Primary data and secondary data y By observation y Personal interview y Telephone interview y Questionnaires y Survey

EXECUTION OF PROJECT
y It is a very important step in research process y If it is proceeds on correct lines, the data to be

collected would be adequate and dependable. y The step should be taken that the data should be in the control of statistics so that the collected information is in accordance with the pre defined designed to tackle this problem

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

ANALYSIS OF DATA
y The analysis of data requires a number of closely

related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of theses categories to raw data through tabulation, coding and editing like statistical interference.

ANALYSIS OF DATA
y Coding: this operation is usually done at this stage

through which the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. y Editing: it is the procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding y Tabulation: It is a part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of tables.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
y After analyzing the data, the researcher is in position

to test the hypothesis. y Inference y Student t test, Chi-square, F- test are the examples of statistical techniques y At end, researcher have reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

Generalization and interpretation:

y Highlight the Major findings y Explain the Conclusion

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PREPARATION OF REPORT OR THESIS

y The layout of the report should be as follows. y Preliminary pages y The main text y The end matter

The Research Process

Identify Conceptual Framework Define Topic Questions Literature Review

Design

Project report

Data collection & analysis & report Pilot study Finalise Data collection and analysis

Revise Framework

Do

Collect data Analyse data

Describe

Interpret results

Report findings

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

y The purpose of the research should be clearly

defined and common concepts be used y The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. y The procedure design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that tare as objectives as possible
K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

y The researcher should report with complete frankness,

flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings. y The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the method of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

y Conclusions should be confined to those justified by

the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. y Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.

QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH

y Good research is systematic. y Good research is logical. y Good research is empirical. y Good research is replicable.

K. SYED, MPT (ortho)

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA

y The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of

research
Provide short duration courses for meeting this requirement.

y There is insufficient interaction between university and

the companies Develop satisfactory liaison among all concerned for better and realistic researches. y Mostly business units reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. generate the confidence that the information obtain from a business unit will not be misused.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED CONT.........

y Does not exist a code of conduct

developing a code of conduct for researchers y Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals y Improper library management and functioning y Improper delivery of government orders, reports and etc., y Improper Time availability y Funding source