MOTIVATION

MEANING
Motivation is an important factor that affects human behavior and performance. Motivation is the driving force by which humans achieve their goals.

MOTIVATING FACTORS
Money, power, Satisfaction, identity, learning, status , achievement , fame etc. Negative motives Threat of punishment , loss of job , loss of identity , loss of power etc

DEFINITION
According to McFarland Motivation refers to the way in which urges , drives desires, aspirations or needs direct , control and explain human behavior Managers motivate individuals in order to make them work effectively.

NEEDS
Human beings strive to satisfy certain needs, they are the motivating factors. Types of needs are as follows. Primary needs Basic needs like food , shelter , clothing etc Secondary needs - Arise out of experience and learning. E.g- power, achievement and status affiliation etc.

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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
1. 2. 3. 4.

Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory Theory X and Theory Y Herzberg two factor theory McClelland Need theory

1. MASLOWS NEED HIERARCHY THEORY

The American motivation psychologist Abraham H. Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs consistent of five hierarchic classes. It shows the complexity of human requirements

Abraham Maslows Abraham Maslows Hierarchy Hierarchy

General Examples Self-fulfillment Status Friendship Stability Shelter Organizational Examples

Selfactualization Esteem needs

Social needs

Challenging Job Job Title Friends Retirement Plan Wages

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Safety needs Physiological needs

Based on needs satisfaction

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Physiological needs Most basic human physical needs food, clothing , shelter etc Safety needs - Safe and secure physical and emotional environment. Job safety, settled and safe personal life etc. Pension plans, insurance plans etc motivate to fulfill safety needs. Social needs- Man strives for belongingness and acceptance by society. He becomes part of various informal groups

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4. Esteem needs Concerned with self respect, self confidence, feeling of being unique , recognition etc. Satisfaction of these needs produces feeling of self confidence , control and prestige. 5. Self actualization needs Need to maximize ones potential. A man with high achievement motivation and strong urge to excel never finds fulfillment until he achieves his goal. It is desire to become more and more what one is capable of becoming

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NEED HIERARCHY

Ordering of needs differ from one individual to another Different people may prefer to fulfill different needs according to their importance , some try to satisfy self esteem needs before safety or security because they consider it important. Identification of needs for different individuals is difficult

2. THEORY X AND THEORY Y

According to Mc Gregor The managements action of motivating depends on certain assumptions and generalization related to human behavior and nature. He has derived two theories related to human behaviors Theory X and Theory Y It states that we find 2 types of people X and Y

Douglas McGregor Theory X & Y

Theory X Theory Y

People are lazy People lack ambition Dislike responsibility People are self-centered People dont like change

People are energetic People want to make contributions People do have ambition People will seek responsibility

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THEORY X
 

Theory Y
 Work is a natural part of

People do not like work and try to avoid it. People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to get them to meet organizational goals. People make management responsible for good or bad that happens

peoples lives.

 People

are internally motivated by commitment. to the degree they receive rewards. responsibility. innovative.

 People are committed to goals

 People will seek and accept  People have the capacity to be

3. HERTZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY

He categorizes he motivating factors in to 2 types
1.

Hygiene factors Company policy and administration, technical supervision, interpersonal relationship, salary , job security , working conditions and status. These are the extrinsic factors under which job is performed. Develop motivation to certain level.

2. Motivational factors - Intrinsic factors to employees. They are achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself, possibility of growth and responsibility etc. Increase in these factors will satisfy employees to great extent.

4. MCCLELLAND NEED THEORY

He has identified 3 types of basic motivating needs.
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Power motive The ability to influence others is power. People get motivated by gaining power they want to accept leadership positions to influence others Affiliation motive People would like to work with the group that has good understanding , affection and love towards each other. They are concerned with maintaining pleasant social relationship .

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3. Achievement motive Some people have strong urge to achieve. They always assume certain degree of risk to achieve what they want. Their primary motive is to achieve what they dream but not earning rewards and more money.