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UY - 2011
Discovery of Viruses
Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name virus meaning poison He studied filtered plant juices & found they caused healthy plants to become sick
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Smallpox
Edward Jenner (1796) developed a smallpox vaccine using milder cowpox viruses Deadly viruses are said to be virulent Smallpox has been eradicated in the world today
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Viewing Viruses
Viruses are smaller than the smallest cell Measured in nanometers Viruses couldnt be seen until the electron microscope was invented in the 20th century
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Electron Microscopy
Mitra, K. & Frank, J., 2006. Ribosome dynamics: insights from atomic structure modeling into cryo-electron microscopy maps. Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure, 35, 299-317.
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Viral Structure
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Virus Appearence?
1. Capsid 2. Core and genetic material (DNA/RNA) Capsid: outer shell of the virus which encloses genetic material (link: chemical structure of capsid helps determine immune response to virus) capsid is made of many identical individual proteins protein core under capsid protecting genetic material sometimes an additional covering (lipid bilayer w/embedded proteins) on outside known as an envelope ( like a baseball) various forms: rods, filaments, spheres, cubes, crystals
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Characteristics
Non living structures Noncellular Contain a protein coat called the capsid Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell
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Characteristics
Some viruses are DNA enclosed in an protective envelope Some viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cell Most viruses infect only SPECIFIC host ENVELOPE cells
CAPSID
SPIKES
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Characteristics
Viral capsids (coats) are made of individual protein subunits Individual subunits are called capsomeres
CAPSOMERES
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Capsid
Characteristics
Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolism Use the raw materials and enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce
HIV VIRUS
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EBOLA VIRUS
Size of Viruses
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Viral Shapes
Viruses come in a variety of shapes Some may be helical shape like the Ebola virus Some may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virus Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages
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RODS
SPHERES
CUBES
HIV
Bacteriophage
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Helical Viruses
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Polyhedral Viruses
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Complex Viruses
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Taxonomy of Viruses
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Viral Taxonomy
Family names end in -viridae Genus names end in -virus Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common names are used for species Subspecies are designated by a number
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Herpes Virus
SIMPLEX I and II
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Adenovirus
COMMON COLD
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Influenza Virus
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Papillomavirus Warts!
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Bacteriophages
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Phages
Viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phage T-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails
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T-phages
The most commonly studied T-phages are T4 and T7 They infect E. coli , an intestinal bacteria Six small spikes at the base of a contractile tail are used to attach to the host cell Inject viral DNA into cell
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T-Even Bacteriophages
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Retroviruses
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Characteristics of Retroviruses
Contain RNA, not DNA Family Retroviridae Contain enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase When a retrovirus infects a cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell
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ENZYME
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Retroviruses
The enzyme reverse transcriptase (or RTase), which causes synthesis of a complementary DNA molecule (cDNA) using virus RNA as a template
RTase
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Retroviruses
HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus Feline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus
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Viroids
Small, circular RNA molecules without a protein coat Infect plants Potato famine in Ireland Resemble introns cut out of eukaryotic
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Prions
Prions are infectious proteins They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins They have no DNA or RNA The main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called PrP
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Prion Diseases
Prions form insoluble deposits in the brain Causes neurons to rapidly degeneration. Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis: BSE) is an example People in New Guinea used to suffer from kuru, kuru, which they got from eating the brains of their enemies
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Viral Replication
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Bottom Line...
All viruses only exist to make more viruses Most are harmful Replication = host cell death.
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Virusal Mechanism
Viruses contain single- or double- stranded DNA or RNA Often, the virus alters the intracellular environment enough to damage or kill the cell (oops!!) If enough cells are destroyed, disease results!
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Role of RNA/DNA
Supplies the codes for building the protein coat (capsid) and for producing enzymes needed to replicate more viruses Information given so newly-built viruses can lyse cells (e.g., bacteriophage) Result: cell destroyed.
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Viral Attack
Viruses are very specific as to which species they attack HOST specific Humans rarely share viral diseases with other animals Eukaryotic viruses usually have protective envelopes made from the host cell membrane
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Bacteriophage Replication Bacteriophage inject their nucleic acid They lyse (break open) the bacterial cell when replication is finished
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Bacteriophage Attack
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Pathway
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Bacterial chromosome
Capsid
DNA Capsid
Sheath
Tail fiber Attachment: Phage attaches to host cell. Base plate Pin Cell wall
Tail
Plasma membrane
Sheath contracted
Tail core
Tail DNA
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Viral Latency
Some viruses have the ability to become dormant inside the cell Called latent viruses They may remain inactive for long periods of time (years) Later, they activate to produce new viruses in response to some external signal HIV and Herpes viruses are examples UY - 2011
Lysogenic Cycle
Phage DNA injected into host cell Viral DNA joins host DNA forming a
prophage
When an activation signal occurs, the phage DNA starts replicating
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Lysogenic Cycle
Viral DNA (part of prophage) may stay inactive in host cell for long periods of time Replicated during each binary fission Over time, many cells form containing the prophages
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Viral Latency
Once a prophage cell is activated, host cell enters the lytic cell New viruses form a & the cell lyses (bursts) Virus said to be virulent (deadly)
ACTIVE STAGE
Virulent Viruses
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Latency in Eukaryotes
Some eukaryotic viruses remain dormant for many years in the nervous system tissues Chickenpox (caused by the virus Varicella zoster) is a childhood infection It can reappear later in life as shingles, a painful itching rash limited to small areas of the body
SHINGLES
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Latency in Eukaryotes
Herpes viruses also become latent in the nervous system A herpes infection lasts for a persons lifetime Genital herpes (Herpes Simplex 2) Cold sores or fever blisters (Herpes Simplex1)
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All living things have some susceptibility to a particular virus Virus is specific for the organism Within a species, there may be a 100 or more different viruses which can affect that species alone Specific: for example, a virus that only affects one organism (humans and smallpox) Influenza can infect humans and two animals
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Virulence
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More
halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) Jap. amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) lampreys (Petromyzontyidae) loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) masou salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) perches (Percidae) silversides (Atherinidae) soles (Soleidae) striped snakehead (Channa striatus) summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) white seabass (Moronidae) carp (Cyprinus carpio) redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) herrings/sardines (Clupidae) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) left-eye flounders (Bothidae) loaches (Cobitidae) Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp) pikes (Esocidae) sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Southwest European nase (C. toxostoma) suckers (Cotostomidae) turbot (Psetta maxima) whitefish (Coregonidae) goldfish (Carassius auratus) southern flounder (P. lethostigma)
Asymptomatic carriers...
coalfish (Pollachius virens) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) discus fish (Symphysodon discus) goldfish (Carrasius auratus) heron (Ardea cinerea) loach (Cobitidae) minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) Infectious pancreatic necrosis in Atlantic salmon. pike (Esox lucius) Note swollen stomach and 'pop eye' river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatalis) Source: Australian Animal Health Laboratory shore crab (Carcinus maenas) Spanish barbel (Barbus graellsi) white suckers (Catostomas commersoni) ...what now???
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Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout. Note pale color of stomach region, pinpoint haemorrhages in fatty tissue, and pale gills
Source: T Hstein
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout. Note swollen stomach and pop eye
Prevalent host type and location Farmed rainbow trout and a few other freshwater fish in continental Europe[10] Marine fish of the Baltic Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, North Sea, Japan[1] Farmed rainbow trout Denmark Farmed rainbow trout in Norway, Finland, Gulf of Bothnia Rainbow trout in Georgia, farmed and wild turbot in the Black Sea[11] Marine fish of the Baltic Sea Marine fish of the British Isles and northern France, farmed turbot in the UK and Ireland, and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in Greenland[12]
III
IV-a IV-b
Marine fish of the Northwest Pacific (North America), North American north Atlantic coast,[13] Japan, and Korea[1][14] Freshwater fish in North American Great Lakes region[14]
Virus presence spread through much of the Great Lakes from 2003-2007.
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Vaccines
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus Attenuate" refers to procedures that weaken an agent of disease (heating) A vaccine against a viral disease can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virus Attenuated virus is capable of stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not causing illness
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Kelebihan
Resiko infeksi (-)
Kekurangan
Mahal, Kasus perkasus tdk ada efeknya, Imunitas jangka pendek -> perlu injeksi booster Mahal, Potensi resiko terinfeksi
Jenis Virus
VHSV, RSIV, GCHV, ISAV, IPNV, IHNV, SVCV, CCV IPNV, IHNV, VHSV, CCV
Generasi I
Live attenuated vaccine Imunitas jangka panjang, Menginduksi respon imun cellular dan humoral Tidak mahal, Memungkinkan produksi skala besar
Sulit dalam purifikasi (biaya produksi tinggi) Tidak mengaktifkan imun respon seluler
Tanpa resiko infeksi; Mudah Terbatas pada protein DNA vaccine dikembangkan & produksi; immunogens Vaksin Stabil; Menginduksi respon imun cellular & humoral
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