Nadiah Chen Muhd IMran Chen & Aida Syafinaz Zainuddin 4Arif 2

Definition:

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. In nature, many elements exist as several isotopes. The isotopes of hydrogen have special names, but the isotopes of most elements do not have distinct names. For example, the natural isotopes of carbon are 12C, 13C, and 14C (carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14). Most carbon atoms are 12C, about 1.1 percent are 13C, and a tiny fraction are 14C. An elements atomic mass, or atomic weight, is the average of the mass numbers of a representative sample of atoms of the element, with all isotopes in their normally occurring proportions.

Hydrogen atom isotopes have different numbers of neutrons The isotopes of hydrogen all have one proton in the nucleus, defining them as that element .Their different mass numbers are due to different numbers of neutrons.

Some isotopes, called radioisotopes, are unstable and spontaneously give off energy as (alpha), (beta), or (gamma) radiation from the atomic nucleus.
Biologists and physicians can incorporate radioisotopes into molecules and use the emitted radiation as a tag to locate those molecules or to identify changes that the molecules undergo inside the body. Three radioisotopes commonly used in this way are 3H (tritium),14C (carbon-14), and 32P (phosphorus-32). In addition to these applications, radioisotopes can be used to date fossils Radioisotopes are useful for experiments and in medicine, even low doses of their radiation have the potential to damage molecules and cells. The devastating effects of radiation from nuclear weapons are well known, as are concerns about possible damage to organisms from isotopes used in nuclear power plants. In medicine, -radiation from 60Co (cobalt-60) is used to damage or kill cancer cells.

SAME

DIFFERENT
NUMBER OF NUCLEON NUMBER OF NEUTRON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SUCH AS DENSITY,MELTING POINT,BOILING POINT.

NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF ELECTRONS ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Radio isotopes are used to cause mutation in insects so as to make them sterile or to cause death. These serve as pest control in agriculture. The metabolism of phosphorus by plants can be studied using phosphate fertilizers that contain phosphorus-32. A small amount of phosphorus-32 is used in fertilizers. The radiation produced by phosphorus-32decaying is detected by a GeigerMiller counter. This method can trace the passage of phosphate ions in plants.. Carbon-14 is used to study the passage of carbon during photosynthesis in plants.

There are two types of isotopes, namely the stable isotopes (non-radioactive) the non-stable isotopes (radioactive) Unstable isotopes go through radioactive decay and emit Radiation and they are known as radioisotopes. Radioisotopes have many applications in daily life. Several uses of radioisotopes in daily life are shown in below

Isotope sodium-24 is used to detect leakage of underground pipes. Beta rays are used to control the thickness of plastic, paper and metal sheets in factory. Gamma rays are used to detect whether cans or bottles are filled up to the required amount. Sodium-24 is used to measure the wear out rate of engine in a vehicle

Gamma rays of cobalt-60 are used to kill cancer cells without surgery in patients. This treatment is known as radiotherapy Patients with skin cancer can be treated using beta rays from the isotopes phosphorus-32 and strontium-90 Medical instruments such as surgical equipment, syringes and bandages can sterilize by using gamma rays. Radioisotopes are also used as tracers. A small amount of sodium-24 is injected into the patient's body. A radioactive detector is then used to detect accumulation of sodium-24 and therefore detect tumors and blood clots before they become dangerous. This tracing method is also used to investigate the thyroid glands by measuring the uptake of iodine-131. Plutonium-238 in a nuclear battery is used to produce small electric shocks in the heart pacemaker. People with irregular heartbeats need to have a heart pacemaker implanted inside their chest. The nuclear battery of the pacemaker provides a tiny electrical shock to ensure a steady heartbeat

The device images the patient's body and detects concentrations of the radioisotope around the body. Certain telltale signs or quirks that the radioisotope do in the body may give a diagnosis to doctors

The accumulation of the Tc99m radioisotope tracer shows a 'hot spot' indicating a cancer in the cheek bone (maxillary osteosarcoma) of this 17-year old girl.

Smoke Detectors and Americium-241

Food irradiation is a method of treating food in order to make it safer to eat and have a longer shelf life. This process is not very different from other treatments such as pesticide application, canning, freezing and drying. The end result is that the growth of disease-causing microorganisms or those that cause spoilage are slowed or are eliminated altogether. This makes food safer and also keeps it fresh longer. Food irradiated by exposing it to the gamma rays of a radioisotope -- one that is widely used is cobalt-60. The energy from the gamma ray passing through the food is enough to destroy many disease-causing bacteria as well as those that cause food to spoil, but is not strong enough to change the quality, flavor or texture of the food. It is important to keep in mind that the food never comes in contact with the radioisotope and is never at risk of becoming radioactive.

Radioisotope carbon-14 is used to study and estimate the age of ancient artifacts. This method is named as the radiocarbon dating. Recalling that all biologic organisms contain a given concentration of carbon-14, we can use this information to help solve questions about when the organism died. It works like this, when the organism died it has specific ratio by mass of carbon-14 to carbon-12 (the same ratio as the atmosphere) At the moment of death, no new carbon containing molecules are metabolized, therefore the ratio is at maximum.

Plutonium is used in nuclear reactor to produce electrical energy.