THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter: 08 Motivation & Emotion

Ms. Rubab Afzal Lecturer (Psychology Department) Preston University, Islamabad

Motivation


Definition: Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior. These reasons may include basic needs such as food or a desired object, hobbies, goal, goal, state of being, or ideal. ideal.

Kinds of Motivation

Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated: Instincts: Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather tan learned.

DriveDrive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs: Drive: Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need.

There are Two Types of Drives: Primary Drives. Secondary Drives.

Homeostasis: The process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual balanced internal state.

Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction: The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.

Incentive Approaches: Motivation s Pull: This approach tend to explain that behavior are not aleways motivated to reduce internal factors rather these behaviors are motivated for some external factors.

Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation: The focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations and understanding of the world. Our expectation that a behavior will cause us to reach a particular goal. To understand the value of that goal to us.

Cognitive theories have explained two types of motivation: Intrtinsic Motivation. Extrinsic Motivation.

Maslow s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs: Abraham Maslow has devised a model of motivation. Maslow s model suggests that primary needs must be satisfied in order to get to higher-order needs. higher-

The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating: Obesity: The state of being more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of a given height.

Biological Factors In The Regulation of Hunger: When animals are left in environment without availability of food, they regulate their intake. Animals eat only until their hunger is satisfied, they leave the remaining food, if they again feel hunger than they will eat once again.

Social Factors In Eating: Biological factors do not provide the full explanation for our eating behavior. External social factors also play an important role. People eat breakfast. Luch and dinner on approximately same time every day. We tend to feel hungry as the usual hour aproaches.

Eating Disorders: Anorexia nervosa: It is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying their behavior and appearance. Bulimia: It is a disorder in which a person binges (excess) on large quantities of food.

Understanding Emotional Experiences: Emotions: Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior.

The Functions of Emotions: Human beings have different emotions to express. There lives will be dull without emotions if they lack capacity to sense and express emotions.

The function of emotions can be: Prepare us for action. Shaping our future behavior. Helping us to regulate social interaction.

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Deciphering Our Emotions: There are dozens of ways to describe our feelings when ew experience an emotion and language we use to describe an emotion. There are physical symptoms associated with a particular emotional experience.

Heart rate and breating rate will increase. Heart will speed up. Pupils of eye will get wide. Mouth will become dry. Hair will stand on end.

EMOTIONS:


An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behaviours.

Theories of Emotions:


The James-Lange Theory of Emotion: JamesWilliam James and Carl Lange gave the concept that emotions result of one s perception of reaction to body changes.

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: CannonWalter Cannon and Philip Bard gave the concept that people feel emotions first and then act upon them. These actions include changes in muscular tension, perspiration, etc.

Schachter s Theory of Emotion: Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer gave the concept that cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events.

Lazarus s Appraisal Theory: Appraisal theory is the idea that emotions are extracted from our appraisals (evaluations) of events that cause specific reactions in different people.

Weiner s Attributional Theory: Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do, that is, interpret causes to an event or behavior.

The Facial Feedback Theory: Ekman proposed this theory that facial movement can influence emotional experience.

Averill s Social Theory: Averill proposed that the experience of emotion is socially constructed. The physiological reaction will take place in terms of social norms and social roles in a situation.