ATOMIC STRUCTURE

By : Sidiq wachjono, M.Pd

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Around 2,5 centuries ago, a Greek philosopher named Leucippus came up with a concept asserting that matter is composed of tiny particles. His pupul, Democritus, developed the concept adding that the tiny particles could not be divided to any further extent. The particles are called atoms.

DALTON S ATOMIC THEORY

Dalton s Theory Contains Five Principles 1. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms,which cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. 2. Atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical properties. 3. Atoms of different elements differ in their physical and chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds. 5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged but never created, destroyed, or changed.

Dalton s Atomic Model

The Discovery of Electron

Thomson s Atomic Model

Electron

Atom is a sphere in which the positive charges spread out evenly in the atom are neutralized by the negative charges positioned among the positive charges. Electrons in an atom are like raisins in a plum pudding.

Positive charges spread out Eventy in the atom

Millikan s Oil Drop Experiment

Rutherford s experiment

Interaction between particles and the gold plate

(A) Alpha particles that pass the empty space go straight through (B) Alpha particles that approach the nucleus are deflected (C) Alpha particles that hit the nucleus are bounced back

AA

Geiger-Marsden

Rutherford s Atomic Model Atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, just like planets revolving around the sun. Most of the mass in an atom is concentrated in the nucleus and a large fraction of its volume is empty space. As an atom is neutral, the number of positive charges in the nucleus (the number of protons) must be the same as that of electrons.

Positively charged nucleus

Electron

Nucleon

Bohr s Atomic Model

Bohr s Postulates

1. Electrons travel around the nucleus in a certain stationary course called an orbit or a shell. Although electrons experience acceleration, they do not emit or absorb energy in their orbit. Thus, their energy remains constant. 2. Electrons can move from one orbit to another by emitting or absorbing energy.

Modern s Atomic Model

SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Atomic Number (Z) Is the Number of Protons of the Nucleus The atomic number also reveals the number of electrons in an atom of an element. For atoms to be neutral, the number of negatively charged electrons must equal the number of positively charged protons. Therefore, if you know the atomic number of an atom, you immediately know the number of protons and the number of electrons found in that atom.

 Mass Number (A) Is the Number of Particles of the Nucleus Every atomic nucleus can be described not only by its atomic number but also by its mass number. The is equal to the total number of particles of the nucleus that is, the total number of protons and neutrons.
Mass number (A) = Number of + Number of proton (p) neutrons (n)

Atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) are characteristics of atoms in an element. If X is the symbol of a chemical element, the atomic number and mass number can be written using the notation below: A Mass number states the number of proton and neutron.

X
Z

Chemical symbol for elements. Atomic number states the number of protons (or electrons for a neutral atom)

Example : 1. Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons in oxygen-17 and in oxygen-18? 2. Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons in :

3. How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are present in an atom of copper whose atomic number is 29 and whose mass number is 64?

ISOTOPES, ISOBAR, AND ISOTONES

Atoms that have the same atomic number (sama number of proton) but different mass (different numbers of neutrons) are called isotopes. Example : 32He and 32He

 Atoms from different elements (different atomic numbers) that have the same of atomic mass are called isobars. Example : and Two atoms have the same number of neutron are called isotons. Example : and

Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in atom shells is known as electron configuration. Example : : ( 2, 5 )
12Mg

: ( 2, 8, 2)

Valence Electron
The electron configuration on the outer shell plays an important role in determining the element s chemical properties. Electrons in the outer shell are called valence electron. Example : How many the valence electron of atom 19 K ? Answer : e.v= 1 19K : (2,8,8,1)