GSM - TDMA

GSM Radio Transmission

GSM Radio Transmission Combination of FDMA and TDM to send information Frequencies: 800 / 900, 1800, 1900 MHz GSM D 900: Uplink = 890 - 915 MHz | Downlink = 935 - 960 MHz GSM D 1800: UL = 1710 1785 MHz | DL = 1805 1880 MHZ GSM D 1900: UL = 1850 1910 MHZ | DL = 1930 1990 MHz Each 25 MHz bandwidth is divided into 125 carrier frequencies spaced 200 KHz with one or more frequencies allocated to each base station

TDMA Implementation

GSM implements TDMA IS - 136

TDMA is a concept of implementing FDMA in Analog and TDM in Digital

For GSM D 900, the entire 25 MHz of the bandwidth is divided Into 125 different channels of 200 KHz capacity each

The P-GSM Network Architecture

Time division multiple access-TDMA 124 radio carriers, inter carrier spacing 200khz 890 to 915mhz mobile to base UPLINK 935 to 960mhz base to mobile DOWNLINK 8 channels/carrier

GSM uses paired radio channels

890MHz

915MHz

935MHz

960MHz

124

124

Frequency Multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time Advantages: no dynamic coordination necessary k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 works also for analog signals c Disadvantages: waste of bandwidth if the traffic is distributed unevenly inflexible guard spaces t

k6 f

Time Multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time Advantages:
only one carrier in the medium at any time throughput high even for many users

k1 c

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

Disadvantages:
precise synchronization necessary
t

Time and Frequency Multiplex

Combination of both methods A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount of time
k1 c f k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

Time and Frequency Multiplex

Example: GSM Advantages:
Better protection against tapping Protection against frequency selective interference Higher data rates compared to code multiplex

But: precise coordination required

k1 c

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6 f

TDMA Implementation
7 6 5 4 3
4.616 ms

GSM D 900

6 5 4 3 4

2 1

4.616 ms

2 1

577 us

0 0
200 khz 25 MHz

0 1 124

577 us

0 0
200 khz 25 MHz

124

Traffic Channel
156.25 bits TDMA Burst T 3 Encrypted 57 bits S 1 Training S 26 bits 1 577 us Encrypted 57 bits T GP 3 8.25

TDMA Frame

4.616 ms SACCH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Idle

120 ms TDMA Multiframe SACCH LU 480 ms Speed of GSM MS 114 X 24

TDMA Superframe

120

22.8 kbps

Hierarchy of Frames
1 HYPER FRAME = 2048 SUPERFRAMES = 2 715 648 TDMA FRAMES ( 3 H 28 MIN 53 S 760 MS )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047

1 SUPER FRAME = 1326 TDMA FRAMES ( 6.12 S ) LEFT (OR) RIGHT 1 SUPER FRAME = 51 MULTI FRAMES TRAFFIC CHANNELS 0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50 SIGNALLING CHANNELS 1 SUPER FRAME = 26 MULTI FRAMES
0 1 2 24 25

1 MULTIFRAME = 26 TDMA FRAMES ( 120 ms )

0 1 2 3 24 25

1 MULTI FRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES (235 .4 ms )

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 2 0 3 4 48 49 50

(4.615ms) 0

TDMA FRAME NO. 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 TIME SLOT = 156.25 BITS ( 0.577 ms)

1 2 3 4 155 156

(4.615 ms) 1

1 bit =3.69 micro sec

Ramping up of a Analog Signal

Ramping up of a TDMA Burst

156.25 bits
T 3 Encrypted 57 bits S 1 Training 26 bits S 1 Encrypted 57 bits T 3

577 us

Ramping up of a TDMA Frame

TDMA Frame

4.616 ms
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5 User 6 User 7 User 8

Mobile Discontinuously Transmits

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame.

4.616 ms

BTS Continuously Transmits

Frame 1
4.616 ms

Frame 2

Frame 3

Frame 4

Frame 5 Frame 6

Frame.

Diversity Issues
Buildings and Obstacles in built up areas scatter the wireless signal. Because of this the signal at the antenna is subjected to rapid and deep fading. Fading is most severe in heavily built-up areas in an urban environment. Diversity reception techniques are applied either at the base station or at mobile station.

TDMA Burst Structure

TDMA Burst
156.25 bits T 3 Encrypted 57 bits S 1 Training 26 bits S 1 Encrypted 57 bits T GP 3 8.25

577 us

Stealing Bits Training Sequence - 10101010101010101010101010 10101010101010101010101010 101111111111111111111111110100