Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Concepts
Communications activity associated with distributing or exchanging information Telecommunications technology of communications at a distance that permits information to be created any where and used everywhere with little delay Today it, involves
Data: digital and analog Voice: spoken word Video: telelcommunication imaging
Essentials for Communications Must have a message Message must have a transmitter Message must have a medium Message must be understood Message must have some level of security
Source System Destination System
Source
1
Transmitter
2
Transmission
3 Medium
Receiver
4
Destination
5 Workstation/PC 6
Workstation/PC
Source System
Destination System
Source
1
Transmitter
2
Transmission
3 Medium
Receiver
4
Destination
5 Workstation/PC 6
Workstation/PC
Signal Generation
Recovery
Understanding Networking
Big Picture
What do you see here for a typical network?
Network architecture
K M G T P E Z Y
Data Transmission
Successful transmission of data depends on:
The quality of the signal being transmitted Characteristics of the transmission medium
Data rate bits per second in data communications Bandwidth bandwidth or signal is constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission in cycles per second or hertz Noise Average level of noise over the communication path. Error rate rate at which errors occur where error in 1 or 0 bit occurs
Transmission characteristics:
Can transmit analog and digital signals Usable spectrum for analog signaling is about 400 Mhz Amplifier needed for analog signals for less than 1 Km and less distance for higher frequency Repeater needed for digital signals every Km or less distance for higher data rates Operation of 100s Mb/s over 1 Km.
Application:
Common in building for digital signaling used at speed of 10s Mb/s (CAT3) and 100Mb/s (CAT5) over 100s meters. Common for telephone interconnection at home and office buildings Less expensive medium; limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate.
Applications:
Long distance telecommunication Greater capacity; 2 Gb/s over 10s of Km Smaller size and lighter weight Lower attenuation (reduction in strength of signal) Electromagnetic isolation not effected by external electromagnetic environment. Aka more privacy Greater repeater spacing fewer repeaters, reduces line regeneration cost
Repeaters
Physical applications:
Terrestrial microwave long haul telecommunication service (alternative to coaxial or optical fiber) Few amplifier and repeaters Propagation via towers located without blockage from trees, etc (towers less than 60 miles apart)
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN HiperLAN (European standard; allow communication at up to 20 Mbps in 5 GHz range of the radio frquency (RF) spectrum. HiperLAN/2 operate at about 54 Mbps in the same RF band.
Network Hardware
Hubs
Reference to equipment
A hub is the place where data converges from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. Seen in local area networks
Gateways
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On the internet, in terms of routing, the network consists of gateway nodes and host nodes. Host nodes are computer of network users and the computers that serve contents (such as Web pages). Gateway nodes are computers that control traffic within your companys network or at your local internet service provider (ISP)
Routers
A router is a device or a software in a computer that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. Allow different networks to communicate with each other A router creates and maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and uses this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. A packet will travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination.
Bridge
a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring). A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).
Switches
Allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with each other. Allow several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Wide Area Networks (WAN) Issues of size and breadth.
relay and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks have been implemented to achieve higher operating and processing speeds for the message. WAN transmission speeds are _______ WAN are owned by the common carrier in the U.S. and governement in most foreign countries. Interconnected devices, I.e. LANs or Personal Computers (PC) or Workstation or Servers can be (usually are) privately owned by companies.
What is ethernet?
A group of standards for defining a local area network that includes standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent over those cables as well as the hardware that connects those cables. Independent of the network architecture Flavors of ethernet IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Specification
Great detail specifying cable types, data formats, and procedures for transferring that data through those cables
Examples of protocols:
WAN Protocol: TCP/IP LAN Protocol: Media Access Control; Contention; Token Passing
Protocol Architecture
Architecture provides high degree of cooperation between two computers. Example:
File Transfer, Email, Remote Login ASCII Text, Sound (syntax layer) Establish/manage connection End-to-end control & error checking (ensure complete data transfer): TCP Routing and Forwarding Address: IP Two party communication: Ethernet How to transmit signal; coding Hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier
What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level Internet Protocol (IP) uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level Is the predominate network protocol in use today (Other includes OSI Model) for interoperable architecture and the internet. TCP/IP is a result of protocol research and development conducted on experimental packet switched network by ARPANET funded by the defense advanced research projects agency (DARPA). TCP/IP used as internet standards by the internet architecture board (IAB).
Application Layer: contains the logic needed to support the various user applications. Separate module are required for each application. Host-to-host or transport Layer: collection of mechanisms in a single and common layer Internet Layer: IP provides the routing functions across the multiple networks Network access layer: concerned with access to and routing data across a network for two end systems attached to the same network. Physical Layer: covers physical interface between PC or workstation and a transmission medium or network
TCP (example)
Web Server: serves HTML pages TCP layer in the server divides the file into one or more packets, numbers the packet, then forward packets individually to IP. Note: each packet has the same destination IP address, it may get routed differently through the network. TCP (on the client) reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have arrived to forward them as a single file. Connection-oriented protocol
IP
Connectionless protocol (I.e. no established connection between the end points that are communicating.) Responsible for delivery the independently treated packet !!!! TCP responsible for reassembly.
SLIP/ PPP
Considerations?
Examples
Multimedia (audio/video stream) Bioinformatics Educational CDs as an example of extending network capacity
Further Readings
Basics: Complete Idiots Guide to Networking, 3rd Edition (Wagner and Negus) Practical Network Cabling (Freed and Derfler) Networking books by William Stallings:
Business Data Communications Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles Data & Computer Communications Local and Metropolitan Area Networks High-speed networks TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles
Collision
Star Topology
An Ethernet hub changes the topology from a 'bus' to a 'star wired bus', here's how it works. Again, machine 1 is transmitting data to machine 4, but this time the signal travels in and out of the hub to each of the other machines. As you can see, it is still possible for collisions to occur but hubs have the advantage of centralised wiring, and they can automatically bypass any ports that are disconnected or have a cabling fault. This makes the network much more fault tolerant than a coax based system where disconnecting a single connection will bring the whole network down.
Star Topology
Using Switch
To overcome the problem of collisions and other effects on network speed, a switch is used. With a switch, machines can transmit simultaneously, in this case 1 & 5 first, and then 2 & 4. As you can see, the switch reads the destination addresses and 'switches' the signals directly to the recipients without broadcasting to all of the machines on the network. This 'point to point' switching alleviates the problems associated with collisions and considerably improves network speed.
Ring Topology
Unlike Ethernet, Token Ring uses a ring topology whereby the data is sent from one machine to the next and so on around the ring until it ends up back where it started. It also uses a token passing protocol which means that a machine can only use the network when it has control of the Token, this ensures that there are no collisions because only one machine can use the network at any given time.
Ring Topology