Zigbee

Faculty of Computer Science Chair of Computer Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Dr. W.
Dargie
ZigBee
Jan Dohl
Fabian Diehm
Patrick Grosa
Dresden, 14.11.2006
Structure
Introduction Concepts Architecture Implementation Evaluation Reference
TU Dresden, 12.11.06
ZigBee Short range comunication
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Introduction
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Introduction
What is ZigBee?
Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios
History
May 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified June 2005: public availability
ZigBee-Alliance
Companies developing and promoting the standard 150+ members
TU Dresden, 12.11.06 ZigBee Short range comunication slide 4 of 56
ZigBee Alliance - Members
and many more....
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Concepts
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Why do we need another WPAN standard?

Decreasing
Power consumption ZigBee: 10mA <==> BT: 100mA Production costs In the beginning of 2005 ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $ Development costs Codesize ZB/codesize BT = Bit-error-rate (BER)
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picture taken from [9]
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Increasing
Sensitivity ZigBee: -92dbm(0,63pW) <==> BT: -82dbm(6,2pW) flexibility No. of supported nodes ZigBee: 65536 (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star) Security ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit) Latency requirements ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot Range ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m
Usage Scenarios
Industrial & commercial Consumer electronics Toys & games PC & periphals Personal health care home/building automation
Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor nodes or in general short range communications
ZigBee Frequency Bands
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ZigBee Protocol Stack
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7Layer ISO-OSI-Model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Simplified 5Layer ISO-OSI-Model User Application Application Profile Network Data Link Physical
IEEE 802 Model < ZigBee < Upper Layers
Logic Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC) Physical
< 802.14.5 <
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Protocol Stack

ZigBee Profiles
Profiles:
Definition of ZigBee-Profiles describes a common language for exchanging data defines the offered services device interoperatbility across different manufacturers Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance profiles contain device descriptions unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance)
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Architecture
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
only one in a network initiates network stores information about the network all devices communicate with the ZBC routing functionality bridge to other networks
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
optional component routes between nodes extends network coverage manages local address allocation/de-allocation
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)
optimized for low power consumption cheapest device type communicates only with the coordinator sensor would be deployed here
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Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes

Addressing ZigBee Nodes:
optimized unique 64 bit address (IEEE 802.15.4) 16 bit network address (65536 devices) 256 sub addresses for subunits
Device Discovery
unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown) ZBC-/ZBR-Response: IEEE address + NWK address + all known network addresses
Binding
creating logical links between 2 or more end devices
Addressing/Binding ZigBee Endpoints

Traffic-Types
1. Data is periodic
application dictates rate
2. Data is intermittent
application or stimulus dictates rate (optimun power savings)
3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)

device gets guaranteed time slot
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Traffic-Modes
1. Beacon mode:
beacon send periodically Coordinator and end device can go to sleep Lowest energy consumption Pricise timing needed
Beacon period (ms-m)

Beacon-Mode

Traffic-Modes
1. Non-Beacon mode:
coordinator/routers have to stay awake (robust power supply needed) heterogeneous network asymmetric power
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Topologies
Mesh-Topology

Topologies
Tree-Topology

Implementation
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PHY layer
2400MHz Band specs
4 Bits per symbol DSSS with 32 Bit chips O-QPSK modulation Sine halfwave impulses Binary Data
Medium Symbol to Chip QPSK Mod.
Bit to Symbol

PHY layer
868/915 MHz Band specs
1 Bit per symbol Differential encoding DSSS with 15 Bit Chips BPSK modulation RC impulses (roll-off = 1)
Medium
Binary Data
Diff. Encoder
Bit to Chip
BPSK Mod.
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PHY layer
General specs and services
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35% -3dBm minimum transmit power (500W) Receiver Energy Detection (ED) Link Quality Indication (LQI) Use ED & LQI to reduce TX-power Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) with 3 modes 1. Energy above threshold 2. Carrier sense only 3. Carrier sense with energy above threshold
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PHY layer
PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure
Frame to be sent via radio Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization Contains either data or data acknowlegement Packet size 8-127 Octets Contains MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
table taken from [1]
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MAC layer
Channel access specification
Beacon/Nonbeacon Define Superframe structure Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA
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MAC layer
Managing PANs
Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan) PAN ID conflict detection and resolution Starting a PAN Sending beacons Device discovery Device association/disassociation Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon) Orphaned device realignment
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MAC layer
Transfer handling
Transaction based (indirect transmission) Beacon indication Polling Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission Acknowleded Not acknowledged GTS management Allocation/deallocation Usage Reallocation Promiscous mode
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MAC layer
Frame security
Provided security features Access control Data encryption Frame integrity Sequential freshness Avaiable security modes Unsecured mode ACL mode Secured mode Avaiable security suites AES-CTR AES-CCM AES-CBC-MAC
MAC layer
How far have we come?
1 0
4 6 5
2 3
Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0? Solution: Routing (NWK Layer)
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NWK layer
Distributed address assignment
Tree structure or self managed by higher layer 16Bit network space divided among child routers Child routers divide there space again for their children Depends on: Maximum child count per parent Maximum child-routers per parent Maximum network depth
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NWK layer
Distributed address assignment - Example
Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2
Depth in network d 0 1 2 Offset Value 3 1 0
1 2 ? 6 5
0 4
NWK layer
Routing cost
Metric to compare goodness of routes Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors Path cost = sum of link costs along the path Link cost determination: Link quality indication from PHY Statistical measures
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NWK layer
Route discovery
Find or update route between specific source and destination Started if no active route present in routing table Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets Generates routing table entries for hops to source Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet Routes generated for hops to destination Routing table entry generated in source device
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NWK layer
Route discovery
RREQ RREP
5 1
2 4
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NWK layer
Routing
Check if routing table entry exists Initiate route discovery if possible Hierarchical routing as fallback
Route maintenance
Track failed deliveries to neighbors Initiate route repair when threshold reached Careful with network load! In case of total connectivity loss: Orphaning procedure Re-association with network
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Application Level

Application Level

Application Layer
Application Support Sub-layer (APS):
interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions) Data transmission, binding and security management

Application Level

Application Layer
Application Framework:
Specifies Datatypes Devices describe themselves by ZigBee descriptor: frequency band power description application flags application version serial number manufacturer ...
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Application Layer
Supported Data-types
table taken from [1]

Application Level

Application Layer
ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO):
provides common function for applications Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification offers services like device-/service-descovery, binding and security management assembles information about the network for ZBC/ZBR -> e.g. binding table

Evaluation
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Pros and Cons

Pros good extension of existing standards supported by many companies low power consumption low cost easy implemented (Designer concentrates on end application) flexible network structure Cons Not many end devices available yet Single point of failure (centralized architecture)
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Gadget example
Pantech & Curitel P1 phone
Only a prototype control electrical appliances Check temperature & humidity Sending messages in case of trespass
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References
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References
[1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0 [2] Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org [3] ZigBee Tutorial, http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee [4] IEEE 802.15.4 Specification [5] Network Layer Overview, Presentation Slides, Ian Marsden, Embedded Systems Show, Birmingham, October 12th, 2006, 064513r00ZB_MG_Network_Layer_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [6] Designing a ZigBee Network, Presentation Slides, David Egan, Ember Corporation, ESS 2006, Birmingham, 064516r00ZG_MG_Network_Design.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [7] ZigBee Architecture Overview, Presentation Slides, Oslo, Norway June 2005, ZigBee_Architecture_and_Specifications_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org [8] Low Power Consumption Features of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee LR-WPAN Standard, http://www.cens.ucla.edu/sensys03/sensys03-callaway.pdf [9] ZigBee Home Automation Mobile from Pantech, http://www.i4u.com/article2561.html [10] Basic Lecture - ZigBee http://www.korwin.net/eng/infor/info_zb_01.asp [11] Introduction to the ZigBee Application Framework, Presentation Slides, ZigBee Open House, San Jose, June 15th, 2006, 053340r06ZB_AFG-Overview-ZigBee-Open-House.pdf, TU Dresden, 12.11.06 ZigBee Short range comunication slide 55 of 56 available on ZigBee.org
Thank you for your attention!
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Faculty of Computer Science Chair of Computer Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Dr. W.

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Alliance - Members

and many more....

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

Why do we need another WPAN standard?

ZigBee Short range comunication

Why do we need another WPAN standard?

picture taken from [9]

ZigBee Short range comunication

Why do we need another WPAN standard?

ZigBee Frequency Bands

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Protocol Stack

IEEE 802 Model < ZigBee < Upper Layers

Logic Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC) Physical

< 802.14.5 <

ZigBee Short range comunication

picture taken from [10]

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes

Addressing/Binding ZigBee Endpoints

picture taken from [11]

3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)

ZigBee Short range comunication

Beacon period (ms-m)

picture taken from [8]

ZigBee Short range comunication

picture taken from [7]

picture taken from [7]

ZigBee Short range comunication

Medium Symbol to Chip QPSK Mod.

picture taken from [4]

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

table taken from [1]

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0? Solution: Routing (NWK Layer)

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

ZigBee Short range comunication

picture taken from [11]

picture taken from [11]

picture taken from [1]

picture taken from [11]

ZigBee Short range comunication

table taken from [1]

picture taken from [11]

picture taken from [1]

ZigBee Short range comunication