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Introduction Cellular concept Large scale and small scale fading Analog cellular mobile system Digital cellular mobile system Low power wireless communication system CDMA digital cellular standard Mobile terminals Global mobile satellite system 3G systems
Books
Wireless Communications
Theodore S Rappaport
Termwork Evaluation
Introduction
Underlying vision for mobile and PCS is to enable communication with a person
Home, office, in public, in transit Cellular phone, office wired phone, Fax, PDA
Mobile : Any radio terminal that could be moved during operation Now
Cellular telephones
portable : Any radio terminal that can be handheld and used by someone at walking speed
Used a single high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower that lead to
Large coverage area Limited assigned channels Frequency reuse was not possible
Measures maximum no. of customers that can be served by one channel at busy hour As number of customers increase
Mobile and PCS represent evolution and enhancements in many directions like
Increased capacity and coverage Global roaming and service delivery Interoperability between different radio environments Support of high bit rate data, internet and multimedia services Wireless-wireline integration for mobile broadband services Global coverage using satellite constellations
Rapid worldwide growth has demonstrated that wireless communication is a robust, viable voice and data transport technology
Since the initial commercial introduction of Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), mobile radio communication has seen explosive growth fueled by
Digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements New large scale circuit integration Miniaturization technologies which makes portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper and more reliable Digital switching techniques facilitating large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks Frequency reuse capabilities Advances in digital signal processing techniques and integrated circuit technology
Systems have evolved to address a range of applications and markets which includes
Digital cellular mobile Cordless telephony Satellite mobile systems Paging systems Walkie-talkies WLAN Bluetooth UWB systems
Classified as
Simplex
Half-duplex
Duplex
Evolution
Major Mobile Radio Standards in North America
Standard AMPS NAMPS USDC IS-95 POCSAG PACS Type Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular/ PCS Paging Cordless/ PCS Year 1983 1992 1991 1993 1970s 1994 MA FDMA FDMA TDMA CDMA (DSSS) Simplex TDMA/ FDMA Freq band 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz Several 1.85-1.99GHz FM FM T/4-DQPSK QPSK/ BPSK FSK T/4-DQPSK Mod Ch BW 30 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 12.5 kHz 300 kHz
ETACS GSM
1985 1990
FDMA TDMA
FM GMSK
CT2
1989
FDMA
GFSK
100 kHz
DECT
Cordless
1993
TDMA
GFSK
1.728 MHz
GMPCS
These are developed to complement cellular and personal communication networks whose radio coverage is confined to populated areas GMPCS systems like
Mobile generations
First generation
FDMA/FM/FDD
Second generation
provides atleast 3 times increase in spectrum efficiency Digital cellular mobile system
TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD
Low power wireless and PCS Rely on sophisticated DSP in handset and BS
GSM (Europe, Asia, Australia) IS-136 or NADC (North America) PDC (Japan) IS-95 or cdmaOne
These systems were developed to meet business and regulatory requirements in specific countries and/or regions leading to incompatible systems that are unable to provide global mobility
2G networks only support single user data rates (10 kbps) which is too slow for rapid email and internet browsing applications Evolution toward high data rate packet mode capabilities was a key requirement Hence new data centric standards have been developed that can be overlaid upon existing 2G technologies These represent 2.5G technology and allow existing 2G equipment to be modified and supplemented with new base station add-ons and subscriber unit software upgrades
Upgradation to 2.5G
3 upgrade paths for GSM High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) General packet radio service (GPRS) Enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE) Two of them also support IS-136 GPRS EDGE 1 upgrade path available for IS-95 IS-95B
3-G Technology
Aim
Consolidation of different wireless environments like cellular mobile, cordless telephony, satellite mobile services under a single standard Ensuring global mobility in terms of global seamless roaming and delivery of services ITU formulated a plan (IMT-2000) to implement a global frequency band in 2000 MHz range 3G evolution for CDMA leads to cdma2000 Eventual 3G evolution for GSM, IS-136 and PDC leads to W-CDMA or UMTS (under ETSI) which is based on network fundamentals of GSM as well as merged vision of GSM and IS-136 through EDGE
Action
Paging systems
Message sent to a paging subscriber via a paging system access number (toll free no.) with a telephone keypad or a modem Issued message is called a page Paging system then transmits page throughout service area using BS which broadcasts page on a radio carrier
Consists of a network of telephone lines, BS transmitters and large radio towers that simultaneously broadcast (simulcasting)
Paging receivers are simple and inexpensive Application : to provide reliable communication to subscribers wherever they are. Hence
Requires large transmitter powers (kW) and low data rates for max coverage from each BS
Uses radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated BS which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on PSTN Provides users with limited range and mobility
Provides wireless connection to PSTN for any user located within the radio range of system Accomodates large number of users over a large geographical area within a limited frequency spectrum High capacity achieved by limiting coverage of each BS transmitter to a small geographical area called cell so that frequency reuse can be done Sophisticated switching technique called handoff enables call to proceed uninterrupted when user moves from one cell to another
More efficient spectrum utilization (higher frequency reuse) More system capacity
MTSO
Acts as central switching office for calls to and from PSTN Coordinates activities of all BS and connects entire cellular system to PSTN
Major functions
Call switching, routing and overall control Interface with PSTN Coordination and system management Subscriber registration and billing Control of subscriber location and hand-off Provision of services (Call redirection, Call barring)
Base Station
Transmits to and receives from all mobile phones within the area of cell Interface between MTSO and mobile unit,ie connects simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to MSC Consists of
Control unit Radio channels Several transmitting and receiving antennas on tower
Mobile unit
Consists of control unit, transceiver and antenna system May be mounted on a vehicle or used as a portable hand-held unit
Communication between BS and mobile is defined by a standard Common Air interface (CAI) that specifies 4 different channels
Channels used for voice transmission from BS to MS Channels used for voice transmission from MS to BS Channels responsible for initiating mobile calls Involved in setting up a call and moving it to an unused voice channel Handles supervisory and data messages to facilitate automatic channel changes and handoff instructions