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Mobile Communication System

         

Introduction Cellular concept Large scale and small scale fading Analog cellular mobile system Digital cellular mobile system Low power wireless communication system CDMA digital cellular standard Mobile terminals Global mobile satellite system 3G systems

Books


Wireless Communications


Theodore S Rappaport

Mobile and Personal Communication Systems and Services




Raj Pandya William CY Lee

Mobile Communication Engineering




Termwork Evaluation
  

Attendance Internal Tests Journal


  

05 marks 10 marks 10 marks

8 Tutorials 2 Assignments Objective test

Introduction


Underlying vision for mobile and PCS is to enable communication with a person
 

At any time At any place (Reachability)




Home, office, in public, in transit Cellular phone, office wired phone, Fax, PDA

In any form (Accessibility)




Mobile : Any radio terminal that could be moved during operation Now


Any radio terminal that is attached to a high speed mobile platform




Cellular telephones

portable : Any radio terminal that can be handheld and used by someone at walking speed
 

Cordless phones Walkie-talkies

Limitations of conventional mobile systems




Limited service capability




Used a single high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower that lead to
  

Large coverage area Limited assigned channels Frequency reuse was not possible


Limited number of active users at any given time

Poor service performance




Limited number of channels




Limited number of active users at a time




High blocking probability during busy hours

Inefficient frequency spectrum utilization




Frequency utilization measurement

Number _ of _ customers Mo ! Number _ of _ channels




Measures maximum no. of customers that can be served by one channel at busy hour As number of customers increase
 

Mo increases Blocking probability increases

Mobile and PCS represent evolution and enhancements in many directions like
     

Increased capacity and coverage Global roaming and service delivery Interoperability between different radio environments Support of high bit rate data, internet and multimedia services Wireless-wireline integration for mobile broadband services Global coverage using satellite constellations

Rapid worldwide growth has demonstrated that wireless communication is a robust, viable voice and data transport technology

Since the initial commercial introduction of Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), mobile radio communication has seen explosive growth fueled by
  

 

Digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements New large scale circuit integration Miniaturization technologies which makes portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper and more reliable Digital switching techniques facilitating large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks Frequency reuse capabilities Advances in digital signal processing techniques and integrated circuit technology

Systems have evolved to address a range of applications and markets which includes
       

Digital cellular mobile Cordless telephony Satellite mobile systems Paging systems Walkie-talkies WLAN Bluetooth UWB systems

Classified as


Simplex


Paging systems Walkie-talkies Uses FDD/TDD Cordless telephony Cellular telephony

Half-duplex


Duplex
  

Evolution
Major Mobile Radio Standards in North America
Standard AMPS NAMPS USDC IS-95 POCSAG PACS Type Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular/ PCS Paging Cordless/ PCS Year 1983 1992 1991 1993 1970s 1994 MA FDMA FDMA TDMA CDMA (DSSS) Simplex TDMA/ FDMA Freq band 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz 824-894 MHz Several 1.85-1.99GHz FM FM T/4-DQPSK QPSK/ BPSK FSK T/4-DQPSK Mod Ch BW 30 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 1.25 MHz 12.5 kHz 300 kHz

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan


Standard NTT JTACS PDC NTACS PHS NTT Type Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cordless Paging Year 1979 1988 1993 1993 1993 1979 MA FDMA FDMA TDMA FDMA TDMA FDMA Freq band 400/800 MHz 860-925 MHz 810-1501 MHz 843-925 MHz 1895-1907 MHz 280 MHz FM FM T/4-DQPSK FM T/4-DQPSK FSK Mod Ch BW 25 kHz 25 kHz 25 kHz 12.5 kHz 300 MHz 12.5 kHz

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe


Standard Type Year MA Freq band 900 MHz 890-960 MHz 864-868 MHz 1.881.9G Hz Mod Ch BW

ETACS GSM

Cellular Cellular/ PCS Cordless

1985 1990

FDMA TDMA

FM GMSK

25 kHz 200 kHz

CT2

1989

FDMA

GFSK

100 kHz

DECT

Cordless

1993

TDMA

GFSK

1.728 MHz

GMPCS


These are developed to complement cellular and personal communication networks whose radio coverage is confined to populated areas GMPCS systems like
  

Iridium Globalstar Teledesic

operate as overlay networks for existing cellular and PCS networks

Mobile generations


First generation


Analog cellular mobile system




FDMA/FM/FDD

Second generation
provides atleast 3 times increase in spectrum efficiency  Digital cellular mobile system
 

TDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD

 

Low power wireless and PCS Rely on sophisticated DSP in handset and BS

Popular second generation standards




Three TDMA standards


  

GSM (Europe, Asia, Australia) IS-136 or NADC (North America) PDC (Japan) IS-95 or cdmaOne

One CDMA standard




These systems were developed to meet business and regulatory requirements in specific countries and/or regions leading to incompatible systems that are unable to provide global mobility

2G networks only support single user data rates (10 kbps) which is too slow for rapid email and internet browsing applications Evolution toward high data rate packet mode capabilities was a key requirement Hence new data centric standards have been developed that can be overlaid upon existing 2G technologies These represent 2.5G technology and allow existing 2G equipment to be modified and supplemented with new base station add-ons and subscriber unit software upgrades

Upgradation to 2.5G


3 upgrade paths for GSM  High speed circuit switched data (HSCSD)  General packet radio service (GPRS)  Enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE) Two of them also support IS-136  GPRS  EDGE 1 upgrade path available for IS-95  IS-95B

3-G Technology


Aim


Consolidation of different wireless environments like cellular mobile, cordless telephony, satellite mobile services under a single standard Ensuring global mobility in terms of global seamless roaming and delivery of services ITU formulated a plan (IMT-2000) to implement a global frequency band in 2000 MHz range 3G evolution for CDMA leads to cdma2000 Eventual 3G evolution for GSM, IS-136 and PDC leads to W-CDMA or UMTS (under ETSI) which is based on network fundamentals of GSM as well as merged vision of GSM and IS-136 through EDGE

Action
  

Paging systems


Message sent to a paging subscriber via a paging system access number (toll free no.) with a telephone keypad or a modem Issued message is called a page Paging system then transmits page throughout service area using BS which broadcasts page on a radio carrier

Classification based on their complexity and coverage area


 

Simple paging system : 2-5km Wide area paging system




Consists of a network of telephone lines, BS transmitters and large radio towers that simultaneously broadcast (simulcasting)

 

Paging receivers are simple and inexpensive Application : to provide reliable communication to subscribers wherever they are. Hence


Requires large transmitter powers (kW) and low data rates for max coverage from each BS

Cordless Telephone Systems




Uses radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated BS which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on PSTN Provides users with limited range and mobility

Cellular Telephone Systems


 

Provides wireless connection to PSTN for any user located within the radio range of system Accomodates large number of users over a large geographical area within a limited frequency spectrum High capacity achieved by limiting coverage of each BS transmitter to a small geographical area called cell so that frequency reuse can be done Sophisticated switching technique called handoff enables call to proceed uninterrupted when user moves from one cell to another

Smaller the cell size




More efficient spectrum utilization (higher frequency reuse) More system capacity

Operational unit comprises of


  

MSC/ MTSO Base station Mobile station

MTSO


Acts as central switching office for calls to and from PSTN Coordinates activities of all BS and connects entire cellular system to PSTN
     

Major functions
Call switching, routing and overall control Interface with PSTN Coordination and system management Subscriber registration and billing Control of subscriber location and hand-off Provision of services (Call redirection, Call barring)

Base Station


Transmits to and receives from all mobile phones within the area of cell Interface between MTSO and mobile unit,ie connects simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to MSC Consists of
  

Control unit Radio channels Several transmitting and receiving antennas on tower

Mobile unit
 

Consists of control unit, transceiver and antenna system May be mounted on a vehicle or used as a portable hand-held unit

Communication between BS and mobile is defined by a standard Common Air interface (CAI) that specifies 4 different channels


Forward voice channel (FVC)




Channels used for voice transmission from BS to MS Channels used for voice transmission from MS to BS Channels responsible for initiating mobile calls Involved in setting up a call and moving it to an unused voice channel Handles supervisory and data messages to facilitate automatic channel changes and handoff instructions

Reverse voice channel (RVC)




Forward control channel (FCC) and reverse control channel (RCC)


  

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