National Communications System (NCS)

Fiber Optic Networks

Dave Hotz Director of Systems Installation and Transmission Support Jim Chaney Director of Field Operations Central and West
Global Crossing

Fiber Cable

Fiber Has More Capacity

This single fiber can carry more communications than the giant copper cable!

Fiber Optic Cable

Protects the fibers wherever they are installed May have 1 to over 1000 fibers

Fiber Optic Connectors

Terminates the fibers Connects to other fibers or transmission equipment

Fiber Optic Communications

Applications include
Telephones Internet LANs - local area networks CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections Utilities - management of power grid Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors Military - everywhere!

What Is Fiber Optics ?

Transmitting communications signals over hair thin strands of glass or plastic Not a "new" technology Concept a century old Used commercially for last 25 years

Why Use Fiber Optics?

Economics Speed Distance Weight/size Freedom from interference Electrical isolation Security

Fiber Optic Applications

Fiber is already used in:
> 90% of all long distance telephony > 50% of all local telephony Most CATV networks Most LAN (computer network) backbones Many video surveillance links

Fiber Optic Applications

Fiber is the least expensive, most reliable method for high speed and/or long distance communications While we already transmit signals at Gigabits per second speeds, we have only started to utilize the potential bandwidth of fiber

Fiber Technology

Fiber Technology

Fiber Optic Data Links

Light Used In Fiber Optics

Fiber optic systems transmit using infrared light, invisible to the human eye, because it goes further in the optical fiber at those wavelengths

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

What is SONET?

Synchronous Optical Network standard

SONET Network Element
Digital Tributaries

SONET Network Element

Digital Tributaries

Defines a digital hierarchy of synchronous signals Maps asynchronous signals (DS1, DS3) to synchronous format Defines electrical and optical connections between equipment Allows for interconnection of different vendors equipment Provides overhead channels for interoffice OAM&P

Digital Signal Hierarchies

Most Common Rates
DS-0
(64 Kb/s)

DS-1
(1.544 Mb/s)

DS-3
(45 Mb/s)

[Non-Standardized]

Asynchronous

28

84

336

1344

Capacity (DS-1 Equiv)

VT1.5
(1.7 Mb/s)

STS-1
(52 Mb/s)

STS-3
(156 Mb/s)

STS-12
(622 Mb/s)

STS-48
(2500 Mb/s)

SONET

VC-11

VC-3

STM-1

STM-4

STM-16

SDH

DS: Digital Signal SONET: Synchronous Optical NETwork (US) SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU) STS: Synchronous Transport Signal STM: Synchronous Transfer Mode VC: Virtual Container VT: Virtual Tributary

SONET Rates

Level STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192

STS OC

Optical Designation OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192

Bit Rate (Mb/s) 51.840 155.520 622.080 2,488.320 9,953.280

= SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNAL = OPTICAL CARRIER

(..result of a direct optical conversions of the STS after synchronous scrambling - ANSI)

SONET Network Layers

Services DS3, DS1, etc

Path

Map Services & POH Into SPE Path Protection/Restoration Other Path OA&M Functions Combine SPE & LOH Sync & Mux For Path Layer Line Protection/Restoration Other Line OA&M Functions Add SOH & Create STS Signal Framing, Scrambling Section OA&M Functions
DS3 etc

Path

Line

Line

Line

Section

Section

Section

Section

Section

Physical E/O Conversion (Photonic) Line Code

MUX

LTE

Regen

Regen

LTE

LTE

MUX

DS3 etc

Physical Signal [No additional overhead]

SONET ADM

Functional Description of SONET Layers

Function Path Layer Information Payload Path OH Line OH Section OH
Payload Mapping Error Monitoring

Line Layer

Synchronization Multiplexing Error Monitoring Line Maintenance Protection Switch Order Wire Framing Scrambling Error Monitoring Section Maintenance Orderwire

Section Layer Photonic Layer

E/O Conversion Transmission over OC-N

E/O Conversion Pulse Shaping Power Level Wavelength

OH: Overhead

SONET Configurations

Generic SONET Network Elements

STS-N

STS-N Ports

o o o

STS-M Fabric (M<N)

o STS-N o Ports o

STS-N

STS-M Fabric (M<N)

STS-N

o o o

o o o

STS-M Ports

STS-M Ports

STS-M Ports

M:N Digital Cross-Connect System (DCS)

M:N Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

M:N Multiplexer (aka End Terminal)

o o o

Key SONET Configurations

All DS3s All DS3s 48 W 48 W

Point To Point

ET
48 P

ET
DCS III

ET
48 P

ET

ET

ET

ET

ET

Compatible With OLS 2 Nodes Per System All T3s Use DACS III 1x1 Protection Switching

48 W

48 W

ADM
48 P

ADM
48 P

ADM

DACS III

Compatible With OLS 2 To 16 Nodes Add/Drop Multiplexing (Tributary Add/Drop) Only DS3s Changing Routes Or Terminating Use DACS III

ADM

ADM

ADM

1x1 Protection Switching

ET: End Terminal ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer

Key SONET Configurations Linear Office Sequences

Point To Point

III

ET

ET

III

ET

ET

III

ET

ooo

ET

III

ET

ET

III

ET

ET

III

N Offices 2 End Offices N-2 Interior Offices

Linear Add/Drop (Open Ring)

III

ET

ADM

ADM

ooo

ADM

ADM

ET

III

Key SONET Configurations

Point To Point Linear Add/Drop (Open Ring)
W w

ET
P w

ET

DACS III

ET
P w

ET

Compatible With OLS 2 Nodes Per System 1x1 Protection Switching, DACS III - Based Restoration

DACS III

ET
P

ADM
P

ET

DACS III

III

Compatible With OLS 2 To 16 Nodes - End Terminals At Ends, ADMs Elsewhere Add/Drop Multiplexing (Tributary Add/Drop) 1x1 Protection Switching, DACS III-Based Restoration At Ends & Add/Drop Points Only

MESH RING
ADM

ADM
P P

ADM
III III
P W

ADM ET: End Terminal ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer

W

III
P

Closed Ring

III

III

ADM

Compatible With OLS 2 To 16 Nodes Add/Drop Multiplexing (Tributary Add/Drop) 1x1 Protection Switching Ring Loopback Protection Switching Must Be Of Uniform Size Around Entire Loop

Explanation of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Conventional System Only 1 signal Wavelength WDM System Multiple Signal Wavelengths

Transmission capacity per fiber is multiplied by the number of Signal Wavelengths Technological Difficulties - Signal multiplex/demultiplex - Optical amplifier bandwidth limitation - Inter-channel interaction due to optical fiber non-linearity (four wave mixing and cross-phase modulation)

To get more information on a single fiber Use more wavelengths (DWDM)

0 Power (dBm )

-10

-20

-30

1570

1580

1590

1600

W a v el e n gt h ( n m )

SONET Network Management

Definition of a Ring
A Ring is a collection of nodes (NE1, NE2, .) forming a closed loop. Each node is connected to two adjacent nodes via a duplex communications facility. A SONET Ring will provide: Redundant Bandwidth Redundant Network Equipment or both

SONET Ring APS

(Automatic Protection Switching)

Uni-directional Vs. Bi-directional Rings Two-Fiber Vs. Four Fiber Rings Ring Switching Vs. Span Switching

Applications of:
Bi-directional Line Switched Ring (BLSR) Uni-directional Path Switched Ring (UPSR)

Ring Classification
A Unidirectional Line Switched Ring (ULSR) A Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (BLSR) A Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR) A Bidirectional Path Switched Ring (BPSR)

Any of the above type can be a two-fiber or a four fiber ring. Therefore, for all practical applications, SONET/SDH standards provide eight types of ring for network node interconnections

2 Fiber Unidirectional Vs. Bidirectional Rings

1W
A B A

1W&P
B

5P 8P 4W
D
Ap B : 1 B p A : 2 p3 p4

5W&P 6P 2W 8 4
BpA: 5 Ap B : 1

6 7

7P
C D

3W Unidirectional Ring
Working Traffic flows in Clockwise Direction CCW Direction is reserved for Protection

3 Bidirectional Ring
Shortest distance available for traffic of Bandwidth is reserved for Protection

Two-Fiber Vs. Four-Fiber Rings

A B A B

Working 1 Protection 2

Working 1 Protection 1

Working 2

Working 2

Protection 1

Protection 2

A - Two-Fiber Ring/Span

B - Four-Fiber Ring/Span

Ring Switching 2-Fiber Ring

Route before PS (Protection Switching) 50% Failure

50%

50% - original + 50% - additional

50% - original + 50% - additional

A: Ring Switching: Two-fiber ring

Ring Switching 4-Fiber Ring

Route before PS

B: Ring Switching: Four-fiber ring

Span Switching - 4-fiber Rings Only

Route before PS

Route before PS A B

Route after PS

B: Ring Switching: Four-fiber ring

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring No Failures

w B W P A P P F w
Original Circuit

C P P D w

B P w

w E C Bidirectional Traffic C Unidirectional Traffic

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring Span Switch

W B w P A P P F w W E
Original Circuit Protection Switch

C P P D W

P w

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring Ring Switch

W B W P A P P F W E
Original Circuit Ring Switch

C P P D W

P W

X
w

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring Ring Switch - Node Failure

W B W P A P P P D C W

P W F W P

x
E
Original Circuit Ring Switch

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring No Failures

W B W P A P P F W E
Original Circuits (Both Slot 2)

C P P D W

P W

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring Need For Squelching

B W P A P

C W P D P P

Requires Sharing of State Information Significant Software Complexity

P W F W

X
E

Original Circuits (Both Slot 2)

Bi-directional Line Switched Ring Double Ring Failure (No Recovery)

W B W P A P

X P

C W P D

P W F

X
W

W E
Original Circuit Ring Switch

SONET Rings will fail -The question is When?

Initial estimates of DWDM hardware show that it is 8 times more reliable than WDM equipment
POEs not included

Ring reliability is dependent upon ring mileage

Ring sizes vary from 200 miles to 2800 miles

Ring Failures:
Given 100, 1000-mile perimeter rings: Current optimistic estimation is 1 network ring failure every 5 yrs PCIs not included Most probable cause of a complete ring failure is an equipment failure and a fiber cut

Physical diversity violations in some rings (single-pt-of-failure)

Ring Interworking Interconnect Problem (No Recovery)

W B W P A D P P P W D W

Ring 1
P P C W

Ring 2
P P

X
Office X W

W E
Original Circuit Failure

Dual Ring Interworking (Unidirectional A => Z Circuit) No Failure

W B W P A P W D

Ring 1
P P

v
SS

Office X

Original Circuit Secondary (Inactive)

v
W

v
Office Y W P

P P

Ring 2

Dual Ring Interworking (Unidirectional A => Z Circuit) ADM Failure

W B W P A P W D

v
Office Y

P P P

Ring 1
P P C W

Ring 2
P P

W
SS

Office X

Original Circuit Secondary Circuit Ring Switch

Dual Ring Interworking (Unidirectional A => Z Circuit) Office Or Double ADM Failure
W B W P P Office Y P P P W D W

A P W

Ring 1
P C W

Ring 2
P P

XX
SS

Office X

Original Circuit Secondary Circuit Ring Switch

Other Types Of SONET Self-Healing Rings (2-Fiber Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring)

Service
A=>Z

ADM A
Z=>A

A=>Z

ADM
Protection

Protection

Protection

Service

A=>Z

Protection

ADM
Z=>A

ADM Z
Z=>A

Service

Notes: Each Link Is Just 1 (1-Way) Fiber

Transmission Directions Routed Differently

Service

Other Types Of SONET Self-Healing Rings (2-Fiber Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring)

Service
A=>Z

A=>Z

ADM A
Z=>A

ADM
Protection
Z=>A

Protection

Protection

Service

Protection

A=>Z

ADM
Service

ADM Z
Z=>A

Service

Other Types Of SONET Self-Healing Rings (2-Fiber Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring)

Service/Protection

ADM A

ADM
Service/Protection

Service/Protection

Service/Protection

Service/Protection

Service/Protection

ADM
Service/Protection

ADM Z

Note: Each Link Uses 1 (1-way) Fiber

Capacity On Each Fiber Divided Equally Between Service & Protection (2 Logical Fibers)

Service/Protection

BITS

Clock Accuracy Levels

Sync Status Message

SS Messages