SOCIALIZATION

Pat Ray M. Dagapioso

Human Development

Human Development
How does a newly born baby become a President Noy, a Kris Aquino or a Piolo Pascual?

Human Development
Two factors at work:
A. Heredity B. Sociocultural Development

Heredity
Biological traits transferred from parents to offspring through sex cells are composed of:
A. biological structures B. psychological process C. reflexes D. urges E. capacity F. intelligence

Sociocultural Development
Cultural definitions affect socialization. E.g.:
A physically fit individual can easily qualify for sports activities. A beautiful face is an asset in the entertainment industry.

Cultural and Social Environments

How do these environments influence behavior?

Cultural and Social Environments

Personality:
n. 1. sum total of all the physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioral characteristics of the individual

Behavior:
n. 1. way somebody behaves 2. the way a person responds to a particular conditions

Cultural and Social Environments

Cultural environments:
Are the learned ways of living and norms of behaviors. Culture regulates the type of behavior which is considered appropriate to the individual of particulaar age, sex and line of work.

Cultural and Social Environments

Further, cultural environment also affects personality. Cultural impacts lasts throughout life.

Cultural and Social Environments

Social environment:
Refers to the various group and social interactions going on in the groups of which one is a member. Groups:
are individuals who emerge with common interest

Cultural and Social Environments

Social environment:
1. A person/child normally joins various groups 2. Different group norms and expectations influences one s behavior 3. The kind of groups and social experiences can exert influence on one s personality.

Theories of Personality Development and the Social Self

Personality
Different theories that explains personality:
A. Freudian Theory B. Cultural Determinism C. Symbollic Interactionism

Before we proceed, let s have a 15 minute activity

Activity
1. Answer these questions:
A. Who are your friends? Name 5 of your closest friends. B. Describe their behavior, attitudes, values, their wants. C. Describe your self, your behavior, your attitudes, alues, your wants. D. Now, relate what attitudes, behavior, values and wants that you have that are similar with that of your friends.

Activity
2. Answer these questions:
C. Describe your self, your behavior, your attitudes, alues, your wants. D. Now, relate what attitudes, behavior, values and wants that you have that are similar with that of your friends.

Sigmund Freud
A Vienese psychologist. He developed a theory of personality. His theory postulates that consists of: id, ego and superego.

Sigmund Freud
Theory of Personality:
A. Id
Biological Component Sources of a number of drives and urges Pleasure principle: food, sex (satisfied)

B. Ego
Holds the cognitive and intellectual processes The mediator between the needs of an individual and the real world.

C. Superego
Values and Morals of the Society Moral arm of personality, representing the traditional rules, values and ideals.

Sigmund Freud
Also postulated further, stages of development:
A. Oral Stage B. Anal Stage C. Phallic Stage D. Latency Stage E. Genital Stage

Oral Stage
From birth to 1 year old. Eating is a major source of satisfaction. Baby has no concept of people or things. Freud described this one as narcissitic stage, or self-love. Frustration/Overindulgence at this stage leads to over-eating or alcoholism in adulthood.

Anal Stage
1-3 years. Becomes the child s sexual interest. Toilet training at this stage is the primary concern. People fixated at this stage are grasping and stingy.

Phallic Stage
3-6 years. Source of pleasure comes from sex organs. Oedipus and Electra Complex happens. Oedipus complex boys desire their mothers. Electra Complex girls desire their fathers.

Latency Stage
6-11 years. Child develops strong defense against the Oedipal/Electral complexes. Children turn their attentions to people outside their families (teachers, friends) Child possesses new composure and self-control

Genital Stage
11-13 Child tries to avoid all physical pleasures: food, attractive clothes, dancing. Child adhere to intellectualism, abstracts. They eventually focus:
A. on opposite sex, B. look around for potential love partner, C. prepare for marriage D. prepare for adult responsibilities.

Cultural Determinism

Cultural Determinism
This theory views that cultural environment is the main factor of determining human behavior. Franz Boa:
A foremost anthropologist Personality development results from learning what is found in culture.

Cultural Determinism
Ruth Benedict:
Individual personalities of people are replicas of cultures. This influenced the concept of national character:
A basic personality which manifests similar charateristics and patterns of behavior in a given society.

Cultural Determinism
Lagmay, 1956 Studied relationship between childrearing practices and personality development Conclusion:
Child-rearing practices had influences the values such as nonaggression, obedience, respect, sociability, and achievement orientation.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism
Primarily rests on the theories purported by George Hebert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley. Self-identity is developed through the social interaction with others, facilitated by language.

Symbolic Interactionism
This theory gives the importance to language, the meaning to each word, the symbolism to every symbol. Language personifies the interaction of one person to the other.

Symbolic Interactionism
This theory includes the theories of:
A. Charles Horton Cooley s Looking glass Self B. George Herbert Mead s Development of Self C. Erving Goffman s Dramaturgical Approach

Assignment
1. Place your answers in a one-half crosswised paper 2. Answer these questions:
A. When you were younger, do you have a person that you idolized or looked up to so much? Who is that person? B. What qualities made you admire him/her? Why? C. Did you try to emulate or copy those qualities? D. What qualities have you taken as part of your personality? How was it so far?

Cooley and the Looking Glass Self

Cooley and the Looking Glass Self

Charles Horton Cooley, postulates that children have the ability to visualize themselves through the eyes of others, or looking glass self or the social self. Significant Others : the primary groups of which children pattren and identify their behaviors:
A. Family B. Friends C. Teachers D. Classmates E. Peer Groups

Cooley and the Looking Glass Self

3 Elements of Looking Glass Self: 1. Imagination of how we appear to other persons 2. Imagination of the Judgment of that Appearance 3. Self-Feeling:
A. Pride B. Mortification

Mead and the Development of the Self

Mead and the Development of the Self

George Herbert Mead believes that behavior and perception held by individuals are influenced by the social groups of which they are members.

Mead and the Development of the Self

Stages of Self Development: A. Human Infant helpless, and without a sense of self B. Baby develops the awareness that the baby needs/depends to his/her parents/yaya for comfort

Mead and the Development of the Self

Stages of Self Development: C. 1 year old child acquires significant others, and learns actions like crying, smiling that elicit responses from the people around D. 2-3 years old child develops crude selfawareness. Further the child s self awareness is boosted by being identified with a name, and labeled as being distinct

Mead and the Development of the Self

Stages of Self Development: E. Play Stage period which children take on the roles of other individuals or significant others, one at a time. Children engage the roles of father, mother, doctors, teachers, etc. This stage fascilitates how children look into themselves by the responses (opinions, attitudes) of tohers.

Mead and the Development of the Self

Stages of Self Development: E. Play Stage period which children take on the roles of other individuals or significant others, one at a time. Children engage the roles of father, mother, doctors, teachers, etc. This stage fascilitates how children look into themselves by the responses (opinions, attitudes) of others.

Mead and the Development of the Self

Stages of Self Development: F. Game Stage children are able to respond to a lot of individuals in the group and integrate the various norms of the group.

Mead and the Development of the Self

Process of self awareness:
The individual assumes the organized social attitudes and moral ideas of the social groups or communities to which one belongs. This self image and identity helps us assure that we may be one thing to one person, and another to others.

Erving Goffman and the Dramaturgical Approach

Erving Goffman

All the World is A Stage

Erving Goffman
Individuals are performing and acting for the audience in everyday life. Behavior continually follows intricate patterns as we follow a set of implicit instructions that influence their role behavior.

Erving Goffman
Role:
Acting in accordance with the expected norms attached to a particular position

Role Performance:
Actual conduct of the role in accordance with the position

Erving Goffman
Presentation of self involves: A. Impression Management
Manipulation of scenery, communicative devices, external props, and costumes. Importance? Adjusts our behavior to negotiate new social situations and convey a particular role to others.

Erving Goffman
Further, Goffman People desire to give believes that everyone the best performance. is playing a role. This could be: People are trying to A. manipulative, organize themselves B. delibirate done (behavior) to garner C. uniintentional. the desired response.

SOCIALIZATION (proper)

Socialization
Is defined as the process of how an infant develops into a functioning social being and emerges with a self-identity, a social self, and a personality.

Socialization
What is desirable, to live easily, efficiently, harmoniously in the society, or the opposite?

Socialization
A person becomes a complete social being if he/she has learned the expectations, habits, values, beliefs and other necessary thigns within a society.

Socialization

The Realities.

Socialization
1. It is a life-long process. Begins at birth, ends at death. 2. Society, builds a person into who he/she is. Being birthed with no conception of who he/she is, socialization enforces the identity of a person.

Socialization
3. Socialization is the way of fitting into an organized way of life and established cultural traditions. 4. Socialization helps people to conform, but it doesn t mean that all people will follow what the society dictates them to be.

Socialization
5. Functions of Socialization:
A. Agent in transmittal of values, customs, and beliefs, from one generation to another B. Enables the individual to grow and deeelop into a socially functionning person C. Means of social control

Socialization
6. Two Levels of Socialization:
A. Primary
Occurs in childhood. Takes place in the family.

B. Secondary
Individual moves into an internalizes knowledge and attitudes of new sectors of life.

Socialization
7. Socialization prepares oneself for roles. 8. Socialization helps an individual responds to social statuses. *Social Status the position an individual occupies in society and implies rights and duties.

Socialization
Social Status:
A. Ascribed
Assigned to an individual from birth. E.g.: Sex, Age

B. Achieved
Acquired by choice, through merit, and individual effort. Done through talents, performance, opportunity.

Agencies of Socializtion

Agencies of Socialization
Family Peer Group Church School Mass Media Workplace

Family
The most influential group in the child s life. The formative and the development off the self and personality are udnertaken by the family. Family influences the child in choosinng a vocation, career or profession.

Family
Parents are signifcant others of the child. They give moral guidance and discipline to the children. Affection, love, sense of belongingness, kindness, sympathy, are nurtured firstly by the family.

Family
The older members generally set examples to the child, who learn the habits, attitudes, and values of the group through a system of reward and punishment.

Family
Socially accepted behavior is rewarded. Socially undesirable ones are punished. The systems of fines, punishment are first carried out by the family.

Peer Group
The informal grouping of two or more members, more/less of the same age, neighborhood, or school. Membership starts in adulthood or even in old age. Assumes the role/supplements the role of the family in the adult stage of a person.

Peer Group
Peer group gives a person a sense of belongingness. Persons can learn competitive, conflictin and cooperative relationships with others, with his/her peers. Decision-making abilities are formed here.

Peer Group
New ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are develped within the peer group. Lifestyle, consumption needs, leisure, recreation, and other activities are influenced by the peer group.

Peer Group
Members of the peer group are pressured to follow the expectations of the group. If one does not follow the whims of the group, one is threatened to become an outcast.

Peer Group
Reality:
When parental guidance, afffection and attention are lacking, the peer groups become more influential.

Church
82.9% of Filipinos are Roman Catholics. Church provides for the spiritual and moral needs of a child. Children (persons) learn the norms of conduct and codes of behavior set forth by the church. Morality (sense of right and wrong) is being setforth.

Church
Religions in the Philippines:
82.9% are Catholics 5% are Muslims 2.8% Evangelicals 2.3% Iglesia ni Kristo 4.5% Other Christians

School
Nurseries, Kindergartens, Elementaries, High Schools, College, all constitutes the school. School helps the child to get along with other kids, develop readiness for social skills, and develop them physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually.

School
It is also the formal agency for weaning children from home and intorducing them into the society. Reading, writing, arithmetic, rational thinking, cand citizenship are all learned in the shcools. Children learn history, politics, and are socialized into the norms, beliefs, values and customs of a larger society.

Mass Media
Mass Media are all media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience via mass communication. Includes: tvs, radios, newspapers, movies, CD/DVDs, internet, billboards, signs, placards.

Mass Media
Functions of the Mass Media:
A. Inform B. Entertain C. Educate

Mass Media
Focus on TVs. TV shows are infused with sex, crime, scandals or gossips. TV has a strong effect on the behavior and attitudes of children. Thus, TV may influence children through the world of sex, violence, reality tv shows.

Mass Media
Sharing, cooperation and self-discipline are encouraged when children watch these types of behavior (Cater and Strickland) Children appreciates language, arts, and literature through watching tvs (Doronila)

Work Place
Rural communities
Live closer to their place of work. Example:
A. Farmers B. Fisherfolks C. Artisans

Work Place
Urban Communities:
A. Employees are socialized according to their role expectations.

Work Place
A Person in work has to:
A. Be oriented into work, its values, perspectives, its vision, and mission B. Work becomes part of self-identity. C. Person avoids violating rules and regulations.

Gender Socialization

Gender Socialization
Difference between:
A. Sex and B. Gender

Gender Socialization
Sex:
The biological difference between males and females.

Gender:
The psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.

Gender Socialization
Baby girl:
Pretty, dainty, beautiful Ears are pierced

Baby boy:
Active, handsome Circumcised

Gender Socialization
Material Delineation: A. Girls:
Dolls, cooking utensils, furniture, baskets

B. Boys:
Guns, cars, boxing gloves

Gender Socialization
Expectations:
A. Girls:
Domestic tasks: cooking, washing of clothes Be not sexual aggressive Learn the skills of good housewife Chastity is a prized value

The End.