Cellular Respiration

What is link from the

energy in food to ATP?
 What is link from the
energy in food to ATP?
• Much of the energy in a breakfast is
stored in organic compounds (proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats).
• Before you can use this energy it has to
be transferred to ATP.
• Cellular respiration allows organisms to
transfer energy from organic
compounds to ATP.
 The Basics of
Cellular Respiration
• Cell Respiration
– Breaks down glucose
– Requires oxygen
– Makes energy (ATP)

• The equation for cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP
What kind of organisms carry
out cellular respiration?
 Plants and Animals
• Plants are Autotrophs:
Autotrophs
they are producers.
• Animals are Heterotrophs:
they are consumers.
• BOTH PLANTS and
ANIMALS carry out
cellular respiration
• All organisms need energy!
 Where does cellular
respiration take place?
 • Remember: cellular respiration
takes place in the mitochondria
inside of cells.

Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
What are the stages of
cellular respiration?
The Stages of Cell Respiration
• Stage 1:
– Glycolysis
• Stage 2:
– The Krebs Cycle
– The Electron Transport Chain
 Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
outside the mitochondria.
• Glycolysis involves breaking down glucose.
• Glucose is a six-carbon sugar.
• Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon
sugar called pyruvate during glycolysis
– Think ‘glyco’= sugar ‘lysis’= splitting
– ‘sugar splitting’
Diagram of Glycolysis
What does glycolosis look like?
 Animation of Glycolysis
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B
 What do you get at the
end of glycolysis?
• 2 three-carbon sugars (pyruvate)
• 2 electron carriers (NADH)
• 2 molecules that store energy (ATP)
More ATP is Made by
Aerobic Respiration
 Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
• The next part of cellular respiration is the
Krebs cycle.
• The Krebs cycle takes place in the
mitochondrial matrix
• The pyruvates must go from the cytoplasm
into the mitochondrial matrix
• In the process, a the three-carbon pyruvate
loses a carbon (as CO2) and becomes a two
carbon Acetyl-CoA
 The Krebs Cycle
• Two-carbon Acetyl CoA bonds to a four-
carbon sugar to make a six-carbon
compound
• CO2 is released from the six-carbon
compound forming a five-carbon compound
• CO2 is released from the five-carbon
compound forming a four-carbon compound
• As the six-carbon compound is ‘recycled’
back to a four-carbon compound NADH,
FADH2 and ATP are formed along the way
See Diagram Handout
Diagram of the Krebs Cycle
What does the Krebs
cycle look like?
Animation of the Krebs Cycle
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B
 What do you get at the
end of the Krebs cycle?
• 2 molecules that store energy (ATP)
• 6 electron carriers (NADH)
• 2 other electron carriers (FADH2)
• NADH and FADH2 now contain much of the
energy that was previously in glucose.
• 4 carbon dioxides (CO2)
 Stage 2:
Electron Transport Chain
 Electron Transport Chain
• Remember: NADH and FADH2 are
electron carriers.
• The purpose of the electron transport
chain is to generate ATP from NADH
and FADH2
 Electron Transport Chain
• While the electrons from NADH and FADH2
are passed along the chain, H+ are pumped
into the inner membrane space.
• H+ wants to diffuse back into the matrix but it
can only do so through a specific membrane
protein. (This is facilitated diffusion!)
• When H+ diffuses through the membrane
back into the matrix ATP is made from ADP
and a phosphate group.
 Electron Transport Chain
• The electrons are passed along until
they are accepted by oxygen forming
H2O.
• The final electron acceptor in the
electron transport chain is oxygen!
 What does the electron
transport chain look like?
 Electron Transport Chain

Inner membrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthase

Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane

1/2O2 ADP + P
NADH NAD+
2H+ +
H2O H+ ATP
+ H+

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix
 Animation of the Electron
Transport Chain
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B
What do you end up with after
the electron transport chain?

• 34 molecules that store energy (ATP)

• You get 3 ATPs from every NADH and
2 ATPs from every FADH2
• The electron transport chain is where
you get all the energy ‘payoff’ from the
‘investment’ in electron carriers
 Summary of Cell Respiration
• Glycolysis breaks glucose down
• The Krebs cycle makes ATP and the
electron carriers (FADH and NADH2)
• The electron transport chain converts all
of the electron carriers made from
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to ATP
2 Main Types of Respiration
• There are two main types of cellular
respiration:
1. Aerobic Respiration - this occurs with O2
2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) -
this occurs with out O2

* Both begin with Glycolysis.

 Can cells produce energy
without oxygen?
• Remember: oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the electron transport chain.
• Cells can not carry out the electron transport
chain without oxygen.
• Energy (ATP) is a product of glycolysis and
this can occur without oxygen.
• Fermentation is when glycolysis occurs
without oxygen.
 Where does
fermentation occur?
• Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm
What are the two types of fermentation?

• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation

What is the main point of fermentation?

• Fermentation allows cells to produce
more of the electron carrier NADH.
• This is necessary to make ATP!
 Alcohol Fermentation
• This process occurs in some plants & some
unicellular organisms (Yeasts) → Alcohol
2ADP
2ATP
C +2 P
2NADH 2 NAD+
C C
C C
Glycolysis C
C C
C
C 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
2CO2
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH acid
glucose released
 Alcohol Fermentation
• The end products:
• 2 ATP
• 2 CO2
• 2 ethanol
• The alcohol accumulates and can be
commercially harvested.
• (Examples: beer, wine, sauerkraut)
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
• This process occurs in animals & some
unicellular organisms  Lactic Acid
2ADP
C +2 P
2ATP
C 2NADH 2 NAD+
C C C
C Glycolysis C C
C C C
C 2 NAD+ 2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
2NADH acid acid
Glucose
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
• End Products: Lactic Acid Fermentation
* 2 - ATP
* 2 - Lactic Acids
• Lactic acid will make muscles tired and sore
muscle fatigue after strenuous exercise
• Lactic acid is transported to liver where converted
to glucose
LACTIC ACID ALCOHOLIC CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Glucose Glucose
Glucose

Glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis

[Krebs Cycle]
[ETC]

Carbon
Dioxide Carbon Dioxide
+ +
Lactic Acid Alcohol Water
+ + +
2 ATP 2 ATP 38 ATP