Genes & Dominance

Law of Segregation
Independent Assortment
Probability
 Vocabulary
 Trait
 Hybrids
 probability
 Alleles
 Filial generation (f1,f2,f3)
 Segregation
 Homozygous
 Heterozygous
 Phenotype
 genotype
 Alleles
 Alleles: Different forms of a gene
 Some alleles are dominant and some recessive
 An example is the gene for blossom color in a
flower: a single gene controls the color of the
flower, but there may be several different versions
(or alleles) of the gene.
 One version might result in red petals, while another
might result in white petals.
 The resulting color of an individual flower will
depend on which two alleles it possesses for the
gene and how the two interact.
Chromosome Segregation
 During Meiosis, alleles separate during gamete
formation.
 Parents (P) pass on genes to offspring.
 ½ of DNA comes from one parent and ½ from
the other parent.
 Offspring (Filial) generations f1,f2,..
 Offspring will carry traits from both parents.
 Zygosity
 Genetic condition of a zygote
 Used to simplify the description of the genotype of a
diploid organism at a single genetic locus.
 At a given gene or position along a chromosome (a
locus), the DNA sequence can vary among
individuals in the population.
 The variable DNA segments are referred to as alleles,
and diploid organisms generally have two alleles at
each locus, one allele for each of the two homologous
chromosomes.
 Homozygous or Heterozygous
 Homozygous
 Same alleles are present
 Either dominant or recessive
 Example: TT or tt
 Basically meaning “of the same alleles” at
a specific locus
 The two identical copies of the gene
affecting a given trait on the two
corresponding chromosomes
 Heterozygous
 Gene when it has different alleles occupying
the gene's position in each of the homologous
chromosomes.
 In other words, it describes an individual that
has 2 different alleles for a trait.
 Example: Tt
 Dominant trait will be expressed in phenotype
 Dominant and Recessive
 Dominant trait will mask a recessive
trait
 Recessive trait will only express
itself if there is not a dominant trait
 Types of traits
 Look at your neighbors and
determine which traits are
represented.
 Probability
 Monohybrid cross: is a
cross between parents
who are heterozygous at
one locus
 Represented by Punnett
squares
 Used to predict
phenotypes based upon
the genotype
 Dihybrid cross
 A dihybrid cross is a cross
between two F1 offspring
of two individuals that
differ in two traits.
 example: RRyy/rrYY or
RRYY/rryy parents result
in F1 offspring that are
heterozygous for both R &
Y.
 Online Resources
 Mendelian Genetics
 Monohybrid cross problem set
 Dihybrid cross problem set