Professional Documents
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April 5, 2004
Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MAPP, CEE Research Associate Gund Institute, SNR Owner: InnEVations.com
ENERGY STORAGE
Fuel
Gasoline Natural gas Hydrogen Lead-acid battery Advanced Lead Acid
Gasoline:C8H18
ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems
Life Cycles
Lead-acid battery
Advanced Lead Acid GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride SAFT nickel metal hydride SAFT lithium ion Lithium polymer Evercel Nickel-zinc Zinc-Air Composite Flywheels Supercapacitors
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS
SUPERCAPACITORS
MECHANICAL RECHARGE
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
CARB DEFINITIONS
Passenger car emissions reduction
HC
CO
NR NR 50% 70% 70% 70% 100%
NOx
NR 50% 50% 95% 95% 95% 100%
C L E A N E R
70% 85%
PZEV-Partial Zero-EmissionVehicle
96%
100%
The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.
Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuelcell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reactionand its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.
(NOT AVAILABLE)
Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology.
X-TRAIL FCV Nissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)
PROTOTYPE
The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.
SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?
A) BATTERIES
.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-> power plant-> electricity~=45% electricity transmission ~=80% H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70% H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50% Electric drive system ~=80%
.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%
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