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Hydrogen Fuel Cells

April 5, 2004

Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MAPP, CEE Research Associate Gund Institute, SNR Owner: InnEVations.com

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Energy Storage Systems

Fuel
Gasoline Natural gas Hydrogen Lead-acid battery Advanced Lead Acid

Specific Energy Wh/kg

12,300 9,300 33,000 30 48

Gasoline:C8H18

ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems

Source: USABC and others

Energy Density Wh/kg

Power Density W/kg

Life Cycles

Lead-acid battery
Advanced Lead Acid GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride SAFT nickel metal hydride SAFT lithium ion Lithium polymer Evercel Nickel-zinc Zinc-Air Composite Flywheels Supercapacitors

30 48 70 70 120 150 60 160-220 120

150 150 220 150 230 350 255 low

300 800 >600 1,500 600 <600 500 ?

LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

SUPERCAPACITORS

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

MECHANICAL RECHARGE
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE: METALLIC POWER.COM

ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

SOURCE: ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.

CARB DEFINITIONS
Passenger car emissions reduction

HC

CO
NR NR 50% 70% 70% 70% 100%

NOx
NR 50% 50% 95% 95% 95% 100%

C L E A N E R

TLEV- Transitional Low-Emission 50%


Vehicle

LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission


Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new
2003 model year vehicle. )

70% 85%

SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission 96% Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)

PZEV-Partial Zero-EmissionVehicle

96%

SULEV & 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.

AT PZEV-Advanced Technology 96%


PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric,
methanol, fuel cell)

PZEV & and include advanced technology components.

ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98%


cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.)

100%

What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD

The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda

Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuelcell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reactionand its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA

(NOT AVAILABLE)

Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN

X-TRAIL FCV Nissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM

PROTOTYPE

The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION

SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.

PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.

PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (Nafiontm)

SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?

Where does hydrogen come from?


Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze water Methane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)

A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS


ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE. Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR BATTERIES?

A) BATTERIES

H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency


INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%


BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45% transmission~=80% battery charging ~=80% electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-> power plant-> electricity~=45% electricity transmission ~=80% H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70% H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50% Electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%

SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?

SOURCE: Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.

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