Background of the Theorist

15 years as a principal tutor at a school of nursing in England and Editor for Churchill-Livingstone Publishers. Achieved the M. Phil. Degree. Her thesis, Clinical Experience on Nurse Education, became the basis for her later work on the model (Roper at a.,) Nursing research officer for the Scottish Home and Health development and carried out assignments for the World Health Organization (WHO).

Background of the Theorist

Had her nursing education in Edinburgh, and earned an M.A in Nursing from Columbia University. Was a high-level position in the Department of Nursing Studies at the University of Edinburgh. Was a Nurse Education Officer at the Scottish Office. Was an executive director of the International Council of Nurses, a consultant for WHO in Malaysia, Iraq, and Europe, and directed nursing services in Abu Dhabi.

Background of the Theorist

One of the first nurses to earn Ph. D in the United Kingdom. She held the position of Director of Nursing Research based in the Department of Nursing studies at the University of Edinburgh for 10 years, after which she was promoted to a personal chair in Nursing Research. Her work in nursing education prompted her to join with Roper and Logan as they began to develop, refine, and publish the Activities of Living Model.

Philosophical Underpinnings of the Theory

Data they gathered from clinical areas were Activities of living model (ALs) were created for educational purposes following an extensive analyzed and they determined that there was a core of common, everyday living activities. literature review covering the care of patients in hospitals and other situations.

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Within a health care context, nurses The conceptknowledge nursing is to ofof multiprofessional potential problems An individualsfunction ofabout, attitudes The specific Nurses the lifespan, most individuals are part During patients/clients enter into a and thein related to the ALs are Throughbehaviorthe promotion and lifespan an until by The waycanwhichwhoindividual incorporatesbecarried out as there toassistthe individual is ill, an is ,Living significantin works each and independence lifeadulthood, Thehealththe individual toat events or way prevent, in describedall stages While care is valued the ALs When ALs team experience are individuals tend to , The individual of health fluctuate professional athe ALsof and the the majority relationship whereby of carries outsolve, to individuality in canof potential) maintenance (actualliving not influencedofdependence factors that can byactivities benefit of(ALs). variety cope positively person contributesthe ofshould the alleviate, event or partnership for amalgam or of lifespan. affect the valued, may be problemswhich can untoward possible , the patient /client wheneverincreasingly independent in become a of disease; and identifies be categorizedliving. broadly biological, within the dignity normalpotential) of of the individual. for of preventionrange(actualas healththatthe client/patient, withfor theand may lead with, problems ALs. and ALs, diminish way they carrythe ALs. or out an autonomous, , psychological, sociocultural, environment continues toperson. as a health be the role of the nurse related to ALs. todecisioncommunity. potential. problems, actualindividual. and politicoeconomic factors. making or settings. teacher, even in illness

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Roper et al. (2000) do not explicitly define the metaparadigm concepts of nursing: human, health, nursing and environment. However, descriptions of these concepts are found throughtout the model, defined by context.

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

In ALs model, humans are called Persons. Nurses are also persons, and they live the activities of living along with other persons. Nursing is defined by what nursing is, rather than by what nurses do. The nursing process is defined as assessing, diagnosing, treating and evaluating. Health refers to how the individual carries out the activities of living in interaction with the five factors on the dependence/independence continuum (Holland, Jenkins Solomon, & Whittman, 2004; Roper et al., 2000).

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Environment is one of the five influencing factors of the model. The environment interacts with the 12 activities of living. Lifespan, dependence/independence continuum leading to individuality in living, and in the Nursing Model, to individualized nursing.

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

Two models comprise Roper, Logan and Tierneys work: the living model and the nursing model. Both models are based on the core activities of living; the patients model of living leads to individualized living and the nursing model leads to individualizing nursing.

Major Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships

LIFESPAN Factors Influencing Activities of living

Biological Psychological Sociocultural Environmental Politicoeconomic

Activities of living
Maintaining a safe environment Communicating Breathing Eating and drinking Eliminating Personal cleansing and dressing Controlling body temperature Mobilizing Working and Playing Expressing sexuality Sleeping Dying

Dependence/Independence Continuum

INDIVIDUALITY IN LIVING

LIFESPAN Factors Influencing Activities of living

Biological Psychological Sociocultural Environmental Politicoeconomic

Activities of living
Maintaining a safe environment Communicating Breathing Eating and drinking Eliminating Personal cleansing and dressing Controlling body temperature Mobilizing Working and Playing Expressing sexuality Sleeping Dying

Dependence/Independence Continuum

INDIVIDUALIZING NURSING Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

The R-L-T model of nursing has been shown to be useful in many ways. Several recent articles in nursing literature describe its use in nursing practice.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Explained how the model was useful in organizing care for nurses working in neonatal transport.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Discussed how the model helped in caring for premature infants in the Neonatal ICU.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Determined that the model ensured comprehensiveness when planning nursing care to meet the health needs of individuals with sickle cell disease.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

In education, the model has been widely used in U.K. and throughout Europe. Nurse Educators in the United States are also interested in the applicability to the profession and to nursing education (Roper et al 2000).

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

In addition, Holland, Jenkins, Solomon and Whittman (2003) have written a workbook to assist students and practicing nurse in applying the model.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

The R-L-T model is testable. Indeed, as mentioned, it was the product of testing in relation to the core of living (Roper et al, 2000). Because of its university, it is capable of generating middle range theories and testable hypotheses. Several research projects were identified in the nursing literature.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Performed a study comparing information seeking skills of nursing students from three nursing education programs and found that the R-L-T model was the most useful model for data acquisition.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Used the R-L-T model as a framework to develop a classification system for assessment of coping with chronic pain.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

The R-L-T Model of Nursing based on activities of living has logical, parsimonious construction in which two parallel models that of living and of nursing, are developed simultaneously. The models seem simple on the surface, but the reality is that the model is quite complex.

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living

Roper, Logan, and Tierney: Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living