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Ullrich
Erwinia amylovora
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhimurium
(S. enterica serovar typhimurium)
•Causes gastroenteritis
•Overexpression of AcrB
correlated to resistance Bile and ?
• Environmental organisms
produced antimicrobial
compounds
• Pumps evolved for host
colonisation
• Clinical antibiotic use
selected for resistant
phenotypes (upregulated
MDTs)
Remarks
“In a recent collection of soil-dwelling Streptomyces, every organism was
multidrug resistant. Most were resistant to at least seven different
antibiotics (D'Costa et al., 2006) … These data not only suggest that
our surroundings can act as a reservoir for new (and old) resistance
mechanisms, but that the drugs we use to treat infectious diseases have
long-lasting effects outside of the hospital. Many antimicrobial molecules
exist for millennia stably within the environment (Cook et al., 1989),
where they select and promote growth of resistant strains.”
- Alekshun and Levy
“It is proposed that the primary biological role of most MDR systems in
Streptomyces species is not removal of extrinsic drugs, but rather export
of specific toxic compounds endogenously synthesized during
growth.”
- Lee et al
Conclusions
• Expanded roles of MDT:
– Resistance to host and other compounds
– Secretion of virulence factors
• (adhesins, toxins)
• Type III SS link?
– Quorum sensing
• Holistic understanding
Thank you!
References
Alekshun, M.N and Levy, S.B. (2007) Molecular mechanisms of
antibacterial multidrug resistance. Cell 128, p. 1037-1050
Lee, L., Chen, Y., Kirby, R., Chen, C. and Chen, C.W. (2007) A
multidrug efflux system is involved in colony growth in Streptomyces
lividans. Microbiology 153 p. 924-934
www.med.yale.edu
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www.ehagroup.com/epidemiology/illnesses/images/pseudomonas-
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