Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GSM System Overview GSM Abis GSM A-Interface GSM Signalling Procedures
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (Groupe Spciale Mobile)
BTS
Local Exchange
fixed medium
SONOFON M N
The evolution
PCS 1900
GSM at 1900 MHz
GSM CDMA
Digital 900 MHz
Satellite (IRIDIUM)
CT2
GSM GSM
Digital Digital 900 MHz 900 MHz
GSM DAMPS
(TDMA) Digital 900 MHz
CT0, CT1
Cordless
C-NET
Analog 450 MHz
NMT
Analog 450/900 MHz
TACS/ETACS
Analog 900 MHz
AMPS
Analog 800 MHz
Other systems
Mobile
GSM Standards
The GSM Standard is divided into phases (phase 1, phase 2 and phase 2+) all the phases has been finalized by ETSI. Many of the GSM networks in operation today are currently using the phase 2. However many of the GSM network operators are starting to implement phase 2+ (GPRS support). The ETSI GSM standard specification is around 5500 pages, and are divided into12 series.
GSM Status
At the ITU's Telecom '95 event, were stated that we will reach 100 million
subscribers Worldwide before the year 2000.
September 1997:
~55 million subscribers. ~1 new subscriber each second. ~250 networks in 110 countries.
July 1998:
More than15 months early then year 2000 the magic figure of 100 million
subscribers was reached.
Today :
BTS
GSM Services.
Services
BTS
Telephony Data services (up to 9600 b/s) Fax group 3 (special modem) Short Message Service (SMS) Supplementary services, e.g.
Call Forwarding Call Barring Call Waiting Three Party Service Advice of Charge
GSM Features
BTS
Display of called and calling user's number Multi-party conversations (up to 6 parties) Closed user groups / virtual private networks Call completion services (busy, no answer etc.) Intelligent network services (CAMEL) Roaming between GSM and DCS 1800 (PCS 1900)
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
BTS
System architecture.
System Overview
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN )
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Base Transceiver BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Transceiver Base BTS Station Station Transceiver BTS BTS Station BTS
VLR
BTS
Home Base of information regarding customers subscribing to a particular operators GSM network Keeps track of subscriber profile, conditions and whereabouts
VLR
SONOFON M N
HLR
MSC
BSC
BTS
HLR contains
Subscriber information:
BTS
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) MSISDN (International Mobile Station ISDN Number) MS Category (e.g. payphone) Authentication vectors (RAND, SRES and Kc: AUC and SIM) Allowed services (subscription data)
Database with information about mobile users present/active in the network segment served by the MSC Handles true visitors as well as subscribers of the operator himself
VLR
SONOFON M N
HLR
MSC
BSC
BTS
VLR contains.
Subscriber information:
BTS
IMSI TMSI - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity MS category Authentication vectors Allowed services
Contains the radio transmitters and receivers (transceivers) covering a certain geographical area of the GSM network
VLR
SONOFON M N
HLR
MSC
BSC
BTS
Controls a group of BTSs in relation to power control and handover. The combination of a BSC and its BTSs is called a Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The interface between the BTS and the is called the A-bis interface.
VLR
SONOFON M N
HLR
MSC
BSC
BTS
Serves a number of BSSs (Base Station Subsystem) via the A-interface. Responsible for call control (set-up, routing, control and termination of the calls) Management of inter-MSC handover and supplementary services, and for collecting charging/accounting information. Gateway to other to other GSM networks and public-switched networks)
VLR
SONOFON M N
HLR
MSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
Contains the individual subscriber-identification key (also contained in the SIM), and provides the subscriber data to the HLR and VLR used for authentication and encryption of calls.
AUC
HLR
BTS
Stores information about mobile stations in use and may block calls from a MS if the MS is stolen, not typeapproved or has faults which may disturb the network. Each MS is identified by a unique International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
EIR
MSC
20 W 8W 5W 2W 0.8 W
Functional model.
BTS
System Overview
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN )
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Base Transceiver BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Transceiver Base BTS Station Station Transceiver BTS BTS Station BTS
A functional model
VLR
SONOFON M N
BTS
BSC
MSC
HLR
BTS
(CM) (MM) (RR) RR BTSM (CM) (MM)
BSC
DTAP CM (CM+MM)
MSC
Layer 3 BTS
MM
BSSMAP SCCP
BSSMAP SCCP
MTP
MTP
MTP
Um Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Inter-MSC
DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part CM - Call Management MM - Mobile Management RR - Radio Resource Management BTSM - BTS Management
SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MAP - Mobile Application Part TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part ISUP - ISDN User Part MTP - Message Transfer Part
The Network layer contains the signalling procedures and is divided into:
BTS
BTS
CM is divided into:
Call Control (CC), short messages services (SMS). Non-call-related supplementary services (SS).
BTS
BTS
BTS
The Data Link Protocol is used at the Um and A-bis interface, the Data Link Protocol is based on LAPD (ISDN D-channel layer 2 protocol). On the A-Interface MTP and SCCP are used as signallingtransport function. On the inter-MSC interface, MTP is used for ISUP, TUP and MTP + SCCP + TCAP is used for MAP.
Physical Link of the signalling is time slots in the radio carriers (TS0-7) and digital PCM (E1/T1)lines.
BTS
BTS
BTS
The System
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Transceiver Base BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Base BTS Transceiver Station Station Transceiver BTS Station BTS BTS
Protocol Architecture
MS
CM MM (CM) (MM) (RR) RR RR Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) BTSM Sig. layer 2 (LAPD) Sig. layer 1
BTS
(CM) (MM) (RR) RR BTSM (CM) (MM)
BSC
DTAP CM (CM+MM) MM
MSC
BTS
BSSMAP SCCP
BSSMAP SCCP
MTP
MTP
MTP
Um Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Inter-MSC
DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part CM - Call Management MM - Mobile Management RR - Radio Resource Management BTSM - BTS Management
SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MAP - Mobile Application Part TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part ISUP - ISDN User Part MTP - Message Transfer Part
In GSM approx. 1000 radio channels has been assigned in the 900 MHz band. More precisely:
BTS
In GSM 1800 2992 radio channels has been assigned in the 1800 MHz band. More precisely:
SONOFON M N
BTS
Coded Data C
Coded Data TB GP
Physical Channels
Traffic channels showing three timeslot delays between the down and up links.
TS7 TS3 TS6 TS2 TS 5 TS 1 TS 4 TS 0 TS 3 TS 7 TS2 TS6 TS TS 0 TS7 5 TS4 TS6 TS3 Control Channels TS 5 TS 2 TS 4 TS1 TS 3 TS 0 Control Channels TS2 TS7 TS TS 1 TS0 6 TS5 Traffic Channels
BTS
Downlink
Uplink
Radio (Um) Interface burst modulation structure Tail Information Training Information Tail Guard
Normal burst Tail Access burst 7 41 36 Training 64 Information 142 3 Information Tail Guard 39 2 8.25 Training Information Tail Guard 68,25 3 57+1 (TCH/FACCH) 26 57+ 1 (TCH/FACCH) 3 8.25
Not illustrated is the dummy burst which has the same structure as the Normal burst. The dummy burst is sent when no information is transmitted on a TCH
For the Normal burst, one of the 58 information bits on each side of the training sequence is a flag bit indicating whether the burst is a TCH traffic channel (0) or for a FACCH - fast associated control channel (1). The burst is converted to FACCH when signalling is required after a TCH has been allocated.
Note: Each Normal burst (TDMA) time slot period consist of 156.25 bits (equal to
33.9 kbit/s per time slot or 270.8 kbit/s per frame carrier), of which 144 (2*57) bits are coded data including forward error correction. All information is transferred in blocks of 456bits divided into four time slot periods (456 = 4*2*57). The maximum net bit rate is 13 kbit/s (Excluding the error correction)
The access burst is a shortened burst used by the mobile station when it first access a cell. Its short length guarantees it will arrive within the correct time slot at the BTS receiver if the mobile station is no greater than 35km from the BTS.
Downstream:
Upstream:
SONOFON M N
SONOFON M N
15 Km
TS TS
30 Km
TS TS
BTS
SONOFON SONOFON M N SONOFON M M N N
The transmitted radio burst from BTS must travel whatever the distance is to the mobile station , and then transmitted burst from the mobile station (three burst later) must travel back the same distance. By measuring the time between the last bit in the access burst and the last bit in the TS the mobile then know the distance to the BTS and will adjust its Timing advance to compensate for the distance.
Access burst Timing advance TS
SCH burst
Tail Information SCH burst 3 39 64 39 2 Training Information Tail Guard 8.25
The SCH burst is the synchronization channel burst which carries the the BSIC - Base Station Identity Code and the FN - Frame Number. As this is the first burst decoded by the mobile station it has an extended training sequence.
FCCH burst
Tail FCCH burst 3 142 3 Information Tail Guard 8.25
The FCCH burst is the frequency correction channel burst which is modulated with zero
BTS
Carrying Voice/data Bm: 13 kbit/s user data Lm: Half rate (6,5 kbit/s)
Broadcast: BCCH
Paging: PCH
authentication, encryption and call control before allocating the traffic channel
Associated to a TCH Used together with the Traffic Channel to deal with control
and measurement of radio signals
Large bandwidth version of the SACCH Used for sudden control action such as handovers Implemented a robbed bits in a TCH
coMPAss Product Training 14-15 May, Singapore Slide 51
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
45 46 47 48 49 50
1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslots (4.615 ms) (51-frame) multiframe = 51 TDMA frames (235.38 ms) 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 45 46 47 48 49 50
4.615 ms TDMA Frame (8 timeslots) Downlink: Cyklus: 1 CCH multiframe = 51 TDMA frames = 235.38 ms
F S F S BCCH BCCH PCH/AGCH F S PCH/AGCH PCH/AGCH F S PCH/AGCH F S PCH/AGCH PCH/AGCH F S F = Frequency correction burst SDCCH/1 SDCCH/1 SDCCH/2 F S SDCCH/2 F S SDCCH/3 SDCCH/3 SDCCH/4 F S SACCH/1 SDCCH/4 F S SACCH/3 SACCH/2 SACCH/4 -
Uplink:
R R SACCH/1 R R SACCH/3 R = RACH
Cell Structure
Omni-directional BTS
F1
BTS BTS
F2
Safety distance
R F3 F4
5xR F4
BTS
BTS
F5
F6
To avoid interference between two cells using the same frequency, a safety distance of about 5 times the cell radius is required. A BTS may cover one cell (Omni-directional) or several cells (typical three directional cells). Each cell may be served by on or more TRXs depending on the required capacity. Note: each TRX controls one carrier with eight TS.
3-directional BTS
IMSI
MSISDN
The latest BCCH used last time the mobile station was
connected to the network.
A-bis
BTS
The System.
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Transceiver Base BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Base BTS Transceiver Station Station Transceiver BTS Station BTS BTS
Protocol Architecture
MS
CM MM (CM) (MM) (RR) RR RR' Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) BTSM Sig. layer 2 (LAPD) Sig. layer 1
BTS
(CM) (MM) (RR) RR BTSM (CM) (MM)
BSC
DTAP CM (CM+MM) MM
MSC
BTS
BSSMAP SCCP
BSSMAP SCCP
MTP
MTP
MTP
Um Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Inter-MSC
DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part CM - Call Management MM - Mobile Management RR - Radio Resource Management BTSM - BTS Management
SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MAP - Mobile Application Part TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part ISUP - ISDN User Part MTP - Message Transfer Part
TS 0
TS 1
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 5
----
TS 31
TS = 64 kbit/s timeslot
BTS
One 2Mbit/s line may cover several BTSs. This means that normally several time slots in the same PCM frame are used as signalling channels.
Three time slots divided into one 64Kbit/s signalling channel and eight 16Kbit/s traffic channels are sufficient to cover one TRX, giving up to 10 TRXs and 10 signaling channels per 2 Mbit/s. In practice , the configuration of the transmission lines depends on the actual network structure and the GSM equipment used.
coMPAss Product Training 14-15 May, Singapore Slide 61
BTS
SAPI TEI
C/R
EA 0 EA 1
SAPI -Service Access Point Identifier TEI - Terminal End Point Identifier C/R -Command / Response bit EA -Address Extension bit 0 = Extend 1 = Final
Related entity Radio signalling Reserved for packet mode /Q.931 Reserved for packet mode /X.25 Operation and maintenance Layer 2 management Reserved for future standardisation
User type For fixed TRX addresses For additional TRX addresses
BTS
7 N(R) N(R)
5 P
3 N(S) S
P 1 P/F 1
P/F S
S format U format
M M M P/F M
M 1
I forma - Information transfer format Used for information transfer between layer 3 entities S format - Supervisory format Used for control functions U format - Unnumbered format Used for additional control functions and information transfer
N(S) - Transmitter send sequence number N(R) - Transmitter receive sequence number S -Supervisory function bit M -Modifier function bit P/F - Poll bit when issued as a command Poll bit when issued as a command Final bit when issued as a response X - Reserved and set to 0
A-Interface
BTS
The System.
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Transceiver Base BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Base BTS Transceiver Station Station Transceiver BTS Station BTS BTS
Protocol Architecture
MS
CM MM (CM) (MM) (RR) RR RR' Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) BTSM Sig. layer 2 (LAPD) Sig. layer 1
BTS
(CM) (MM) (RR) RR BTSM (CM) (MM)
BSC
DTAP CM (CM+MM) MM
MSC
BTS
BSSMAP SCCP
BSSMAP SCCP
MTP
MTP
MTP
Um Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Inter-MSC
DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part CM - Call Management MM - Mobile Management RR - Radio Resource Management BTSM - BTS Management
SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MAP - Mobile Application Part TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part ISUP - ISDN User Part MTP - Message Transfer Part
A-Interface
BTS
Based on System7 MTP and SCCP Uses Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP)
Sub-service Field
Service Indicator
0011
Message type
SLS
8 bits 4 bits
Message type
Connection Request Connection Confirm Connection Refused Released Release Complete Data Form 1 Data Form 2 Data Acknowledgement Unitdata Unitdata Service Expedited Data Expedited Data Acknowledgement Reset Request Reset Confirm Protocol Data Unit Error Inactivity Test
Code
0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100 0000 0101 0000 0110 0000 0111 0000 1000 0000 1001 0000 1010 0000 1011 0000 1100 0000 1101 0000 1110 0000 1111 0001 0000
X X
Note: Only point to point signalling route is used in at the A-inter phase, meaning that the MTP does not have to contain the functions related to the signalling transfer point (STP) and multiple signallingroute management.
A-Interface BSSAP
BTS
BTS
ETSI has specified an SS7 Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP) as the user of the SCCP/MTP transport service.
SIO 83h LI
F B I FSN I B B
BSN F
Discriminator 00000000
Length Indicator 1
A-Interface BSSMAP
BTS
BSSMAP Format
OCTET 1 OCTET 2
0000- - - 0001 0010 0011 0010- - - 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101
Assignment messages:(Setup of traffic channels) - Assignment request - Assignment complete - Assignment failure Release messages: - Clear command (Release of traffic channels) - Clear complete - Clear request - SAPI "n" clear command (Control of layer 2 links with SAPI not equal - SAPI "n" clear complete to 0 on the radio interface) - SAPI "n" reject
0001- - - 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011
Handover messages: - Handover request - Handover required - Handover request ack - Handover command -
(To BSC: Request for handover to that BSC) (To MSC: Inter-BSC/MSC handover required) (To MSC: Acknowledge of Handover request) (To BSC: Contains the new radio channel/BTS to which the MS should switch) Handover complete (To MSC: Commanded handover complete) Handover failure (To MSC: Commanded handover unsuccessful) Handover performed (To MSC: BSC has performed intern. handover) Handover candidate (To BSC: MSC requests list of MS that could enquire be handed over to another cell) Handover candidate (To MSC: Answer to Handover candidate response enquire) Handover required reject (To BSC: Required handover unsuccessful) Handover detect (To MSC: Commanded handover successful)
General messages: - Reset - Reset Acknowledge - Overload - Trace invocation - Reset Circuit - Reset Circuit acknowledge
(Initialisation of BSS or MSC due to failure) (Processor or CCCH overload) (Start production of trace record) (Initialisation of single circuit due to failure)
Terrestrial resource messages: - Block (Management of circuits/time slots - Blocking acknowledge between MSC and BTS) - Unblock - Unblocking acknowledge
Radio resource messages: - Resource request - Resource indication - Paging - Cipher mode command - Classmark update - Cipher mode complete - Queuing indication Complete layer 3 information
(Available radio channels in the BSS cells) (Paging of MS) (Commands start of cyphering) (Change of MS power class) (Ciphering is successfully initiated) (Indicates delay in assignment of traffic channel) (Contains first message received from MS; sets up SCCP-connection at A-interface)
A-Interface DTAP
BTS
BTS
The Direct Transfer Application sub-Part (DTAP) is used to transfer call control and mobility management messages to and from the MS;
DTAP Format
OCTET 1 OCTET 2
BTS
Layer 3 of the DTAP messages has the same format as BSSMAP messages. The DTAP messages and information elements are identical to the the transparent MM and CM listed in the A-bis section.
BSC
MSC
SCCP CR (BSSMAP Comp layer 3 info (CM Service Request [MM])) SCCP CC (BSSMAP Cipher mode command) SCCP DT1 (BSSMAP Cipher mode complete) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Setup [CM])) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Call Proceeding [CM])) BTS SCCP DT1 (BSSMAP Assignment request)
SCCP DT1 (BSSMAP Assignment complete) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Alerting [CM])) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Connect [CM])) . . Active . . SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Disconnect [CM])) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Release [CM])) SCCP DT1 (DTAP (Release Complete [CM])) SCCP DT1 (BSSMAP Clear command) SCCP DT1 (BSSMAP Clear complete) SCCP RLSD SCCP RLC
call
. . . .
BTS
The System.
ISUP / TUP
ISUP / TUP
Um
MAP
BTS
MAP
A-Inter
Base Transceiver Base Station Transceiver Base BTS Station Transceiver Base Station Base BTS Transceiver Base BTS Transceiver Station Station Transceiver BTS Station BTS BTS
Protocol Architecture
MS
CM MM (CM) (MM) (RR) RR RR' Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) Sig. layer 2 (LAPDm) Layer 1 (air) BTSM Sig. layer 2 (LAPD) Sig. layer 1
BTS
(CM) (MM) (RR) RR BTSM (CM) (MM)
BSC
DTAP CM (CM+MM) MM
MSC
BTS
BSSMAP SCCP
BSSMAP SCCP
MTP
MTP
MTP
Um Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Inter-MSC
DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part CM - Call Management MM - Mobile Management RR - Radio Resource Management BTSM - BTS Management
SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MAP - Mobile Application Part TCAP - Transaction Capability Application Part ISUP - ISDN User Part MTP - Message Transfer Part
Inter-MSC Signalling
BTS
The MSC-VLR interface. The MSC-HLR interface. The HLR-VLR interface. The MSC-MSC interface. The MSC-EIR interface. The VLR-VLR interface. The MSC-ISDN/telephone network interface.
MAP
MAP = Mobile Application Part Users: MSC, HLR, VLR, EIR Applications:
BTS
Location updating/roaming Incoming call routing information (MSRN) Subscriber service information Non-call related supplementary services Short message service delivery MS equipment identity (IMEI) Charging information
BTS
BTS
BTS
Visited side
BEGIN INVOKE
BTS
Home side
(Update Location)
CONTINUE INVOKE CONTINUE RETURN RESULT (Insert Subscriber Data) END RETURN RESULT (Update Location) (Insert Subscriber Data)
TRAU
Transcoder BTS Rate Adaptation Unit
TRAU
kbit/s on the GSM radio interface Intermediate rate adoption of data from V.110 frames to the special TRAU frames on the A-bis interface
BSC
MSC
BTS
BSC
T R A U
MSC
BTS
BSC
T R A U
MSC
Um
A-bis
A-Interface
Bandwidth: 13 kbit/s Encoding algorithm: Regular Pulse Excitation with Long Term Prediction (RPE LTP):
Speech is sampled 8000 times per second Each sample is converted into a 13 bit digital value Every 20 ms a 260 bit segment is generated (13 kbit/s) The segment is divided by importance into 182 class 1 bits and 78 class 2 bits For protection, the 182 class 1 bits are mapped into 378 bits The resulting 456 bits (378 + 78) are divided into 8x57 bits The data are transmitted in 4 consecutive TDMA blocks
Control of TRAU
BTS
TRAU is controlled by BTS In-band signalling used, if TRAU not at BTS Control functions:
Shift between speech and data Shift between full rate and half rate channels Timing of speech frames (BSS - MS) Comfort noise (Discontinuous Transmission)
BTS
Call Management
Mobility Management
Paging Network Access Encryption Radio Signal Control Radio Signal Measurements Handover
VLR
MSC
Area 1
Types of roaming:
BTS
BTS
SONOFON M N
VLR
BTS
MSC Area 2
Handovers.
BTS BTS
A RR procedure The Handover process is the situation where a Mobile Station changes from being served by one Antenna to another Handovers take place during a call Handover are done automatically Crossing the boundary of two adjacent cells is the typical example of a Handover
Handovers.
MSC - A
Purpose of handover
Inter BSC
Intra BSC
BSC
BSC BSC
SONOFON M N
BTS BTS
SONOFON M N SONOFON M N
BTS
BTS
Call Setup
A CM procedure Distinguish two types
BTS
BTS
Incoming Call
MS BTS BSC MSC VLR HLR GMSC ISDN
IAM (MSISDN, service)
Send Routing Info (MSISDN) Provide Roaming Number (IMSI) Roaming Number (MSRN) Routing Info (MSRN) IAM (MSRN, service) Send Info Incoming Call (MSRN, service) Paging Request (TMSI) [RR] Page (IMSI, TMSI, LAI)
Channel Request [RR] Immediate Assign [RR] Paging Response (TMSI) [RR] Page Result SETUP (service) [CM] Call Confirm [CM] Assign Command [RR] Assign Req [RR] Assign Complete [RR] Alerting [CM] Connect [CM] Connect Ack [CM] Complete Call (service)
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
ISDN