QUOTE :

WE BEST MANUFACTURE WHAT WE CAN MEASURE

MEASUREMENT
Physical Quantity Number Unit Examples : 100 m 10 Kg 5 S In these examples 5, 10, 100 are he Numbers While m, KG and S are the units.

Types of Units :

Basic Units
m Kg Sec

Derived Units
m3 m/s

TYPES OF STANDARDS
Fundamental or absolute standard: One whose value has been established without recourse to another standard of the same quantity. International standard: One recognized by international agreement as the basis for fixing the values of all other standards of the given quantity. National or primary standard: One which establishes the value of all other standards of a given quantity within a particular country. Secondary standard: One whose value has been established by comparison with a primary standard. Working standard: A secondary standard used to verify measuring instruments in places such as factories, shops, etc.

MEASUREMENT IN MATERIAL SCIENCE

IMPORTANT TERMS IN MEASUREMENTS

ROLE OF MEASUREMENT AS TEMPERATURE

TTTROLE OF MEASUREMENT IN TEMPERATURE Curves

MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

Application Example:

A FARMER BOUGHT THREE HORSES.

He must fence in his barnyard to keep his horses from straying.

He has 72 feet of fencing available and wants to get the largest corral for his horses. Design 27 A
27

PROBLEM :

9 20

Design 20 C
20 20

Design B 18
18 18

Design 24 D
12 24 12

18

REMEMBER !!! He wants the largest space for his horses to run and has only 72 feet of fencing.

Design 27 A
27
YES! 27+9+27+9=72 feet

18
YES!

Desi 18 gn B
18

18

18+18+18+18=72 feet

Desi 20 gn C
20 20
NO ! 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 = 80 feet Not enough fencing

20

12
YES!

Desig 24 nD
24
24+12+24+12=72 feet

12

WHICH IS THE BEST IN THEM NOW !

Design 27 A
9 9 27

Design B 18
18 18

Design D 24
12 12 24

18

That's right!

Design B 18
18

18

18

CONCLUSION

IF MATERIAL SCIENCE IS THE BASIC OF ALL ENGINEERING THEN MEASUREMENT IS ITS

BUILDING BLOCK !

 Published by the Open Group

ARM Application Response Measurement

timing information associated with each step in processing a transaction to be logged to a remote server for later analysis.

It includes an API for C and Java that allows

History: Version 1: developed jointly by Tivoli Software and Hewlett Packard in 1996. Version 2: developed by an industry partnership (the ARM Working Group)

ARM
Within distributed applications it is not easy to estimate if the application performs well. The following issues help in the evaluation of distributed applications: Are business transactions succeeding and, if not, what is the cause of failure? What is the response time of a transaction? Where are the bottlenecks, which sub-transaction could cause a bottleneck? Which and how many transactions are executed in an application? How to tune an application or its environment to perform better?

Robot End Effector

Sensors are used at the ends of robotic arms to detect the presence of tools or product. The Nodes transmit the sensor data back to a centrally located Gateway that can either transmit specific actions to other Nodes or forward the sensor data to a host control system for analysis or machine control.

Light Measuring Applications

Roll Monitoring with a Long Distance Laser Sensor

To measure the thickness of a roll of absorptive material The LT3's analog output provides ongoing feedback to the PLC of the roll's distance from the sensor, allowing a PLC to calculate the roll's diameter. The discrete output triggers an alarm when the roll diminishes to a preset low quantity. Ultrasonic sensors are typically used in similar applications, but do not work in this application because the absorptive material absorbs the sound waves.

Germicidal (UV Disinfection)

UV light, which continues to be a reliable means of disinfection, involves exposing contaminated water to radiation from UV light. The treatment works because UV light penetrates an organisms cell walls and disrupts the cells genetic material, making reproduction impossible.

PHOTODYNAMIC
The basis of PDT is the interaction of light with photosensitive agents to produce an energy transfer and a local chemical effect. This is broadly similar to what is seen in photosynthesis Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used clinically to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including wet agerelated macular degeneration and malignant cancers and is recognized as a treatment strategy which is both minimally invasive and minimally toxic.

Wireless Measurement Applications

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring ranges from examining the integrity of soil, water, and air to regulating the temperature and humidity The Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) is used collect environmental data from the rain forest. CENS scientists installed a National Instruments wireless sensor node, batteries, solar panels, and a cellular modem to collect data over the Internet.

Machine Condition Monitoring

To optimize predictive maintenance of machinery and therefore the machines reliability and utilization, monitoring health indicators such as mechanical, vibration, and power factor is a widely accepted practice. With the use of wireless vibration and power monitoring devices, reliability engineers are able to overcome historic cost barriers.

Industrial Monitoring

Industrial monitoring involves monitoring and controlling different plant, factory, or manufacturing conditions while logging data to enterprise systems. Wireless technology can help us improve our processes by adding new measurements to our systems. With centralized, real-time equipment health data collection and an email or SMS alert system, a wireless monitoring system can drastically improve plant uptime and equipment reliability, changing the market for equipment manufacturers.

INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENT ORGANIZATION

International Bureau of Weights and Measures , France International Electro - technical Commission , Switzerland International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine , France

International Organization for Standardization , Switzerland International Organization of Legal Metrology , France International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , United Kingdom International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ,