SIEMENS

PRESENTATION ON SUBSTATION DESIGN By Yuvaraj Patil I&S/WR

SUBSTATION DESIGN
WHAT IS THERE IN SUBSTATION DESIGNING ??
 SLD  EQUIPMENT LAYOUT  BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT  FAULT LEVEL  TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION  CREEPAGE AND CLEARANCE  GROUNDING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION  SAFETY INTERLOCKS  OTHERS, e.g. LIGHTING AND CIVIL

SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

FOLLOWING STUDIES ARE PERFORMED TO ESTABLISH THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR A SUBSTATION 1. LOAD FLOW STUDIES :

- To determine the current carrying requirements of new s/s. - To determine the continuous and Emergency rating of equipment
2. S.C.CALCULATION :

- To permit the equipment to without damage, severe thermal and mechanical stresses of S.C. currents. - To provide adequate interrupting capability in CBs, strength in post insulators - Setting of protective relays

SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

3. TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDY :

Following factors affects the Stability of System. - Severity of Fault - Speed with which fault is cleared - Ties between the Machine and the System after the fault are cleared ( Which may weaken the system by operating more than one line due to not operation of primary relaying )
4. TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE STUDY :

- It is required to protect the equipments from Lightning Stroke and Switching Transient. -*-

SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

1. System Security :

- The ideal s/s is one where each circuit is controlled by separate CB with facility for replacement of bus bar OR CB in the event of fault or during maintenance. - Double Bus Bar system with Double CB arrangement is ideal. 2. Operational Flexibility : - For efficient loading of Generators it is necessary to control MVA and MVAR loading under all condition 3. Simplicity of Protection Arrangement : - Where greater no of CB has to be tripped during fault condition, protection arrangement becomes more complex. JERP is best example of complex Protection !!

SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

4. Ability to Limit the S.C. Levels :

- Any arrangement which incorporates means of providing a S/S into Two separate sections is suitable to Limit S.C levels.
5. Maintenance Facilities :

- Arrangement shall be suitable for the Planned or Emergency Maintenance .

6. Ease of Extension ::

- To add new bays there shall be space and expansion facilities.

7. Site Considerations :

- Where the area is limited, simple arrangement with least no of CBs.

Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement

A number of factors are to be considered while finalizing the Layout and Switching arrangements of S/S.
 Importance of Substation  Reliability  Redundancy  Economics and availability of finance  Availability of Space and Right Of Way for approaching

lines  Future Expansion

Single Bus System- Primary Components, Protection Zone

Bus
BusEarthing Switch BusPotential Transformer

BusIsolator

Circuit-breaker Current Transformer

Protection-zone, busbar

Protection-zone, line/trafo Earthingswitch Line Isolator Earthingswitch Line Isolator

Wave Trap Surge arrester Potential Transformer

Wave Trap

Line 1

Transformer

Line 2

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Main Bus Transfer Bus coupler

x
CT Earthingswitch Line Isolator Earthingswitch

x
CT Line Isolator Earthingswitch

x
CT Line Isolator

x
CT

Transfer Isolator Transfer Bus Wave Trap Surge arrester Line 1

Transfer Isolator Wave Trap Surge arrester Line 2

Transfer Isolator Wave Trap Surge arrester Line 3

A Transfer Bus Coupler & All feeders need one additional isolator. In Thermax Project we are using this arrangement

Ring or Mesh System

Line 1

Transformer 1

Transformer 2

Line 2

Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary Components, Over-lapping Protection Zone Bus Section-isolator
Bus A
Busdisconnect Circuit-breaker

Bus B

Bus PT 1

Bus PT 2

CT VT
Earthing switch Linedisconnect Surge arrester

Earthing switch

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Double Main Bus System or Main & Reserve Bus system

Bus I Bus II BusIsolators Circuit-breaker BusEarthing-I, II Bus-coupler BusPT -I BusPT -II

CT

Earthingswitch

Line Isolator

Earthingswitch Earthingswitch

Line Isolator

Wave Trap Surge arrester

Wave Trap Surge arrester

Line 1

Line 2

Transformer

Double Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement (DMT)

Bus I Bus II BusIsolators Circuit-breaker BusEarthing-I, II Transfer Bus-coupler Bus-coupler BusPT -I BusPT -II

CT Earthingswitch Line Isolator Earthingswitch Transfer Isolator

Wave Trap Surge arrester

Wave Trap Surge arrester

Line 1

Line 2

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

Bushing

Bus A

Q0 11

Q0 41

For future use Q0 13

Q0 12

Q0 42

Bushing

Bus B

Almost all PGCIL 765kv,400kV substations use this arrangement

Three Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

2000/1/1/1A

Core Like line 417

Practiced in Europe, Germany

245kV Switchyard Layout

245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS) Double busbars, classical layout

1 Bus I 2 Bus II

3 Bus-disconnector 4 Circuit-breaker

5 CT 6 VT

7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch 8 Surge arrester

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. FAULT LEVEL :  Expressed as MVA or kA and duration of 1-3 Sec.  Depends on source impedance  All CBs are to be rated for fault level  Earth Switches for making fault level  - All Bus bars, bus supports to be designed to withstand forces

due to S.C

2. SAFETY CLEARANCES : 3. STRUCTURE :

Why is it required ?  To support and install Buses, electrical equipment and terminate transmission line conductors.  The structures may be of steel, RCC or wood  They need foundation according to soil condition at site

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Design of Structures are affected by :

- Phase clearance - Ground clearance - Length and weight of buses and other equipment.
 Design Load on Girders shall include :

- Conductor tension - Earth wire tension - Weight of Insulators and Hardwares - Erection load ( approx. 350 kg) - Weigh of man & tools to work ( aprox. 200kg) - Wind load - Impact load, if any during operation of equipment. - Walkway if any. ( BSP Project we are providing the same)

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Recommended Standard Bay Widths : 400kV feeder Bays 400kV Transformer Bays 220kV Feeder Bays 110kV Feeder Bays 110kV Transformer Bays 66kV Bays 22kV Bays 11kV Bays - 27m - 20m ( per phase) - 17m - 10m - 10m - 8m - 3.8m - 3.5m

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 Normally adopted phase spacings are :

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Voltage Level (kV) 11/22 33 66 110 220 400

Spacing (m) 1.3 1.5 2.0 to 2.2 2.4 to 3.0 4.5 7.0

BUS DESIGN
Present day trend is to use Rigid bus rather than strain bus due to  can be constructed at lower profile.  are aesthetically pleasing.  corona level is lower. 1. Construction of Rigid Bus :  Aluminum bus materials used for rigid bus may be of different shapes.  They may be round tubing's, channels, angles or integral web designs.  Round tubing used in all voltage levels.  Square/channel tubing is used only at lower voltages.  Angle bus used only at distribution voltages.  Integral web bus is structurally strong and is used for high current and long spans generally at lower voltage.

BUS DESIGN
Design considerations of Rigid Bus : Bus must carry the expected maximum load current without exceeding the temp. limit . The capacity of bus shall be checked for max. temp. under S.C. conditions. Shall be designed to take vibration induced by the action of 50Hz current. Shall be designed to take the vibration due to wind flowing across the tubing. It should withstand the S.C. force. for HV and EHV S/S the diameter of bus should be checked for corona discharge. The bus support system must be capable to to take weight of tubing, damping material, wind on tubing, S.C. force calculated.

      

BUS DESIGN
2. Design considerations of Strain Bus :  Widely used in most of the station due to ease of construction.  Even in station where Rigid bus is predominant, some spans will     

be invariably of strain bus construction. The design followed is based on simple sag-tension calculations. The down drops from strain bus appear as a concentrated load. Depending on length and weight of dropper, tension on bus will vary considerably. Where bundled conductors are used in strain bus, the type of spacer may have an influence on resulting tension. If rigid spacers are used, then during S.C., the two conductors will attempt to draw together and cause increases tension on strain bus

ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.  1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

RIGID BUS : BPI Aluminium Tubular pipes for bus Welding Sleeves of equivalent dia for Al Bus. BPI clamp for fixing tubular pipe to the insulator Inter connector for Al tube to strain Bus Corona bells for the free ends of right bus. STRAIN BUS : Insulator strings ACSR conductor of right choice Hardware fittings for tension points. Arcing horns Corona rings

ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

6. Sag compensating spring.

7. Suspension clamps with accessories for jumper connection points. 8. Rigid or flexible spacers ( For bundle conductor bus) 9. Parallel Groove clamps (PG Clamps) suitable for the ACSR for jumper and dropper connections. 10. Tee Clamps for droppers. (With suitable sizes). 11. Clamp to connect droppers, jumpers and interconnections to the equipment and on BPI

SUBSTATION EARTHING
Purpose : In ungrounded system, it will be inherently coupled capacitively to the earth th system capacitance. During ground fault, the charging current will rise to 3 times the Zero sequence current, develops high value of voltage. so earthing is required to
1. 2. 3.

Limit the transient overvoltages caused by restricting the ground current. Safety to the personnel working in the maintenance. Fast and selective clearing of ground fault to limit the damage to the equipment.

SUBSTATION EARTHING
Following steps are involved in Design of Earthing System.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Soil investigation. Determination of maximum ground current Preliminary designing of grounding system Calculation of resistance of grounding system Calculation of maximum grid potential rise. Calculation of step and touch voltages. Correction of preliminary design. A continuous earth conductor is placed around the perimeter of yard to enclose as much ground as possible to avoid current concentration. Within the grid conductors are laid in parallel lines and at uniform spacing along the rows of structure and equipment.

SUBSTATION EARTHING
The earthing material should have
 High conductivity  Low underground corrosion

GI material is used for earthing and size of conductor should be such that  It has thermal stability to flow the ground fault current  It should last at least for 50 years without causing break in the ground circuit due to corrosion  It should be mechanically strong.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument Transformers are used to provide the exact proportion of the high voltage and current within the substation at a level suitable for metering, relaying and control. Voltage Transformers :  VT may be of Electromagnetic or Capacitor type.  When high level of accuracy is required then Electromagnetic type is used.  All voltage transformers are required to comply with one of the classes in Table 8.1.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
For protection purposes, accuracy of voltage measurement may be important during fault conditions, as the system voltage might be reduced by the fault to a low value. Voltage transformers for such types of service must comply with the extended range of requirements set out in table 8.2

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 Voltage Factors :

The value Vf in Table 8.2 is an upper limit of operating voltage, expressed in per unit of rated voltage. This is important for correct relay operation and operation under unbalanced fault conditions on unearthed or impedance earthed systems,. Voltage factors, with the permissible duration of the maximum voltage, are given in Table 8.3.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 Protection of Voltage Transformers o Voltage Transformers can be protected by H.R.C. fuses on the

primary side for voltages up to 66kV. Fuses do not usually have a sufficient interrupting capacity for use with higher voltages.
o In some cases protection on the primary is omitted. The

secondary of a Voltage Transformer should always be protected by fuses or a miniature circuit breaker (MCB).

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER  The current transformers may be either of bushing type or wound   

type. CT should be selected with a rating 25% greater than the max current that is likely to flow during normal operation. Protective CT should have high saturation factor. The secondary circuit must not be interrupted while the primary winding is energized. The induced secondary e.m.f. under these circumstances will be high enough to present a danger to life and insulation. Protection class current transformers must retain a reasonable accuracy up to the largest relevant current. This value is known as the accuracy limit current The ratio of the accuracy limit current to the rated current is known as the 'accuracy limit factor

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 The accuracy class of protection current transformers is shown in Table

Class PS Current Transformers  The classification of Table 5 is only used for overcurrent protection
 PS commonly used with unit protection schemes  Knee point is a key factor in the PS class CT

POWER TRANSFORMER
 RATINGS :

Transformer ratings shall be such that the transformer can deliver its rated current under steady loading conditions without exceeding the limits of temperature-rise specified in IS : 2026 ( Part II ) - 1977* assuming that the applied voltage is equal to the rated voltage and that the supply is at rated frequency.
 SERVICE CONDITIONS :

Transformers complying with IS-2026 are suitable for operation continuously at their ratings, provided the temperature of the cooling air or water does not exceed any of the reference ambient temperatures specified

POWER TRANSFORMER
 kVA Ratings:

kVA ratings for three-phase transformers are given in below table

For single-phase transformers intended for use in three-phase banks, the kVA ratings are one-third of the values in Table 2.

POWER TRANSFORMER
 Operation at Other than Rated Voltage :

- A transformer built in accordance with IS-2026 may be operated at its rated kVA at any voltage within +/- 10 percent of the rated voltage of that particular tap. - The transformer shall be capable of delivering rated current at a voltage equal to 105 percent of the rated voltage.
 Operation at Rated Frequency :

The frequency for A transformer built in accordance with IS2026 standard shall be 50 Hz with tolerance of +/- 3 percent.
 Temp Rise:

The transformer shall confirm to the requirements of temperature rise specified in IS : 2026 (Part II)

POWER TRANSFORMER
 Insulation Levels :

The insulation levels shall be in accordance with IS : 2026 (Part III)- 19777.  Terminal markings, tappings and Connections : The terminal markings, tapings and connections shall be in accordance with IS : 2026 ( Part IV )-1977  Requirement with regards to Ability to withstand S.C. Transformers shall be designed and constructed to withstand without damage the thermal and dynamic effects of external short circuit under the conditions specified in IS:2026.

POWER TRANSFORMER
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS ( ABOVE 1600 kVA)
 Ratings : o The

secondary no-load voltage should be specified 5 percent more than the nominal voltage to compensate the transformer regulation partly. o For transformers requiring to be operated in parallel, the voltage ratio should be selected in accordance with guidelines given in IS : 10028 ( Part 2 )-1981*.
 Taps :

o On-load tap changers on HV side should be specified,

wherever required. o The total number of taps should be 16 in steps of 1.25 percent.. Off-circuit taps, when specified, should be in the range of 2.5 percent and +/- 5 percent provided on the HV side.

POWER TRANSFORMER
 Connection Symbol :

The preferred connections for two winding transformers up to 66 kV high voltage ( HV ) side rating are delta/star ( Dyn ) and star/star ( YNyn ). For higher voltages, connections star/star (YNyn) or star/delta ( YNd ) may be preferred. o The selection of connection group should be made taking into consideration the requirements of parallel operation with other transformers
o
 Impedance :

o The transformer impedance is decided taking into Consideration

the secondary fault levels and the voltage dip. o typical impedance values are given IS : 2026 ( Part 1 )-19777.

POWER TRANSFORMER
 Termination Arrangement :

Primary and secondary terminals may be bare bushings, cable boxes or bus trunking depending upon the method of installation. o It is preferable to specify disconnecting chamber between transformer terminals and cable box to facilitate disconnection of transformer.
o

OTHER DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

Due to the time constraint following devices/equipments are not covered in detail !!! Circuit Breakers Isolator and earth Switch LA Battery and battery Charger ACDB DCDB AHU for Control room Control & Relay Panel

       

SIEMENS

THANK YOU
For your Patience !