Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 60

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5me anne du Dpartement Gnie lectrique
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 61
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Points cls Points cls
On a vu que la thorie des antennes est base sur le
rayonnement produit par des sources (charges, courants)
la surface dun conducteur.
Quand on veut dcrire le fonctionnement dune antenne
particulire, certaines caractristiques fondamentales,
communes tous les types dantennes, sont donnes :
Impdance dentre
Diagramme de rayonnement
Gain
Polarisation
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 62
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Exemple de fiche technique Exemple de fiche technique
Antenne pour point daccs Wifi
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 63
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Exemple de fiche technique (2) Exemple de fiche technique (2)
Specifications
Electrical
Gain 8.0 dBi
Frequency Range 2300-2500 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Power 10 watts
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio >25dB
E-plane Beamwidth 60+-5
H-plane Beamwidth 80+-5
Mechanical
Depth 1.6 inches (4.1 cm)
Radiator Material Brass
Reflector Material Brass
Mounting Integrated
Windload(fatal) 208kph
Weight 0.145 kg
Cable not supplied
Connector SMAfemale
Antenne pour point daccs Wifi
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 64
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Limpdance dentre Limpdance dentre
dsadaptation
Si on reprend lexemple de la
ligne ouverte, lcartement des
brins provoque un changement
de limpdance.
Londe est alors rflchie
linterface entre la ligne et
lantenne, do perte importante
dnergie.
Le but est alors de revenir un
systme adapt.
Zr=Zc Zc
Zi
ei
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 65
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Lantenne en tant que circuit Lantenne en tant que circuit
gnrateur
Pi
Pr
Pa
Pe puissance mise
Ze
Lantenne tant un systme rsonant (onde stationnaire), il faut faire en
sorte que limpdance quelle ramne face la ligne (son impdance
dentre) soit adapte celle-ci.
La ligne est alors en onde progressive, toute la puissance est
transmise lantenne.
Lantenne sert alors de transformateur dimpdance entre lespace libre
et la ligne de transmission.
La puissance rayonne ne dpend que de la puissance accepte et
des pertes de lantenne.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 66
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Coefficient de rflexion Coefficient de rflexion
On dfinit la qualit dadaptation dune antenne soit en donnant son
impdance caractristique (souvent 50 ohms), soit en donnant son
niveau de coefficient de rflexion.
coefficient de rflexion en puissance :
Pi
Pr 2
11
! S
jX R Ze !
11
S
est le coefficient de rflexion en tension
Impdance dduite dune mesure de rflexion :
11
11
1
1
.
S
S
Zc Ze

!
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 67
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Expression en dcibels Expression en dcibels
On trouve la plupart du temps les valeurs exprimes en dcibels :
11 11
log 20 S S
dB
!
On parle aussi beaucoup en terme de VSWR :
11
11
1
1
S
S
VSWR

!
souvent exprim sous la forme n:1
return loss
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 68
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VSWR Return Loss (dB Reflected Power (%) Transmiss. Loss (dB) VSWR Return Loss (dB) Reflected Power (%) Transmiss. Loss (dB)
1.00 oo 0.000 0.000 1.38 15.9 2.55 0.112
1.01 46.1 0.005 0.0002 1.39 15.7 2.67 0.118
1.02 40.1 0.010 0.0005 1.40 15.55 2.78 0.122
1.03 36.6 0.022 0.0011 1.41 15.38 2.90 0.126
1.04 34.1 0.040 0.0018 1.42 15.2 3.03 0.132
1.05 32.3 0.060 0.0028 1.43 15.03 3.14 0.137
1.06 30.7 0.082 0.0039 1.44 14.88 3.28 0.142
1.07 29.4 0.116 0.0051 1.45 14.7 3.38 0.147
1.08 28.3 0.144 0.0066 1.46 14.6 3.50 0.152
1.09 27.3 0.184 0.0083 1.47 14.45 3.62 0.157
1.10 26.4 0.228 0.0100 1.48 14.3 3.74 0.164
1.11 25.6 0.276 0.0118 1.49 14.16 3.87 0.172
1.12 24.9 0.324 0.0139 1.50 14.0 4.00 0.18
1.13 24.3 0.375 0.0160 1.55 13.3 4.8 0.21
1.14 23.7 0.426 0.0185 1.60 12.6 5.5 0.24
1.15 23.1 0.488 0.0205 1.65 12.2 6.2 0.27
1.16 22.6 0.550 0.0235 1.70 11.7 6.8 0.31
Conversions Conversions
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 69
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Rsistance de rayonnement Rsistance de rayonnement
jX R Ze !
rsistance de rayonnement et rsistance de pertes
Pour des antennes mtalliques,
on peut ngliger la rsistance
de pertes.
Dans une antenne parfaitement
accorde, X=0
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 70
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Bande passante Bande passante
Il existe de nombreuses dfinitions de bandes passantes. La plus
commune est la bande passante en adaptation o le coefficient
de rflexion de lantenne respecte un certain niveau.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 71
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Relation avec limpdance Relation avec limpdance
mode
f
Z(f) = R(f) + j X(f)
X(f)
R(f)
fondamental
rsonance
srie
rsonance
parallle
Limpdance complexe dune antenne varie en fonction de
la frquence. Cela correspond aux variations de rpartition
des courants sa surface.
On cherche faire
correspondre la
frquence de
fonctionnement avec
un point dimpdance
purement rel proche
de celle du systme
(50 ohms en gnral).
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 72
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Rsonances srie ou parallle Rsonances srie ou parallle
La gomtrie de lantenne et son mode dalimentation influent
sur cette impdance. On cherche gnralement se placer au
plus prs dune rsonance et annuler la partie imaginaire.
Antenne
Rsonance srie Rsonance srie Rsonance parallle Rsonance parallle
Max de courant au
niveau du gnrateur
Impdance faible
Min de courant au
niveau du gnrateur
Impdance leve
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 73
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Exemples de points dadaptation Exemples de points dadaptation
Z , O
Re(Z)
I m(Z)
Z ,
O
Z , O
Re(Z)
Re(Z)
I m(Z)
I m(Z)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
450
350
250
150
50
-50
-150
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
f
fr
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
f
fr
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
f
fr
cas n1
cas n3
cas n2
zone d'adaptation
Exemple du diple
v
i
Le choix du point dadaptation peut
dterminer la bande passante.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 74
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Couplage mutuel Couplage mutuel
Deux antennes proches influent lune sur lautre par un
couplage des champs EM.
Ce couplage doit tre pris en compte car il modifie les
caractristiques des antennes (impdance et
rayonnement).
Limite rapide des modles analytiques
Modlisation lectromagntique
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 75
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Caractristiques de rayonnement Caractristiques de rayonnement
Pour rendre compte des performances de lantenne dun
point de vue des champs rayonns on utilise :
la fonction caractristique
le diagramme de rayonnement
la directivit
le gain
louverture
la surface quivalente
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 76
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La fonction caractristique La fonction caractristique
La fonction caractristique permet de reprsenter les
variations du niveau de champ rayonn en champ lointain
en fonction de la direction considre.
) (
sin
2
) (
r t j
e dl I
r
j
E

x
sin
60
) ( ! dl I
r
E

x
sin
60
) (
dl
r
I
E !
) ( F
fonction caractristique du doublet
Cas du doublet :
I : intensit maximale
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 77
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Diagramme de rayonnement Diagramme de rayonnement
Dfinition gnrale : N N ,
60
) , ( E
I
r
F !
Plan vertical
x
z
Plan horizontal
x
y

N
Doublet lmentaire
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 78
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Notion de puissance Notion de puissance
La puissance totale rayonne est gale au flux du vecteur
de Poynting travers une surface ferme entourant
lantenne.

!
sphre
S d P P
T T
.
En champ lointain, on trouve :
L 2
2
E
P! (
Pour la reprsentation on utilise souvent une puissance normalise :


max
,
,
P
P
Pn
(
(
! (
N
N
densit surfacique de
puissance
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 79
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Angle solide Angle solide
N d d dS
r
d sin
1
2
! ! O
dO

O
O ! d F I Pe N
x
,
15
2
2

O
O ! d U Pe N ,
stradian Watt F
I
U / ,
15
,
2
2
N
x
N !
La densit de puissance surfacique
peut galement sexprimer en
densit strique, en fonction de
langle solide
densit strique de puissance ou intensit de rayonnement
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 80
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Rsistance de rayonnement Rsistance de rayonnement

O
O ! d F Rr N
x
,
30
2
Quand on fait le lien entre la puissance rayonne et la puissance
dissipe par une charge, on peut dterminer la rsistance de
rayonnement partir de la fonction caractristique.

O
O ! d F I Pe N
x
,
15
2
2
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 81
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Directivit dune antenne Directivit dune antenne
Soit Pe la puissance rayonne totale, on dit que lantenne
est isotrope quand la densit strique dans nimporte
quelle direction donne sexprime :


x
N
N
4
,
,
Pe
U
D !

x
N
4
,
e P
U !
On appelle directivit le rapport entre la densit de
puissance cre dans une direction donne et la densit
de puissance dune antenne isotrope.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 82
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Signification de la directivit Signification de la directivit

O
O
!
d F
F
D
N
x
N
N
,
4
1
,
,
2
0 0
2
0 0
Pour lantenne isotrope, D=1
quelle que soit la direction
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 83
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Ouverture mi Ouverture mi- -puissance puissance
axe du lobe principal
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
Largeur du faisceau
mi-puissance (-3dB)
nuls de rayonnements
Lobes secondaires
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 84
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Gain de lantenne Gain de lantenne

O
O
!
d F
F
G
N
N
x N
,
,
4 ,
2
0 0
0 0
2


x
N
N
4
,
,
f P
U
G !
Le gain est dfini de la mme manire que la directivit en tenant compte
de la puissance fournie lantenne :
Ce gain est parfois dnomm gain ralis en opposition au gain
intrinsque ne prenant en compte que les pertes de lantenne (sans les
pertes dadaptation).
2
11
e intrinsqu
1 S
G
G
ralis

!
Sil ny a pas de pertes, le gain
est gal la directivit
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 85
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Relation avec la rsistance Relation avec la rsistance

O
O
!
d F
F
G
N
N
x N
,
,
4 ,
2
0 0
0 0
2
En partant de la relation prcdente :
on peut donner une formule simple de calcul du gain en fonction de la
rsistance de rayonnement :
toujours dans une hypothse sans pertes intrinsques

r
o o
R
F
G
N , 120
2
!
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 86
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Types de reprsentation Types de reprsentation
Il existe une multitude de faons de reprsenter le
rayonnement dune antenne : diagramme en champ,
en puissance, gain, directivit, en polaire ou cartsien,
en linaire ou en dcibels, en 2D ou 3D
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 87
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Exemple de pont radio Exemple de pont radio
-200 -100 0 100 200
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
angle ()
G

(
d
B
i
)
diagramme de rayonnement
P
-200 -100 0 100 200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
angle ()

diagramme de rayonnement linaire (P/Pmax)

30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 88
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Plans de rfrence Plans de rfrence
Plan H

H
o
Mode excit :
TM10
H
Eo

Z
! 0
! x/2
o ! x/2
Plan E
! x/2 o ! 0
Courants de surface lis la polarisation croise: Jy
Courants de surface lis la polarisation principale:Jx
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 89
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Mthode de mesure Mthode de mesure
Mesure dadaptation
RF out T
A
Coupleur directif
Analyseur
moteur
Interface
moteurs
Cornet
Analyseur
Wiltron
Table
traante
Ordinateur
moteur moteur
Antenne sous test
Mesure de rayonnement
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 90
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Chambres de mesure Chambres de mesure
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 91
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Chambres de mesure Chambres de mesure
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 92
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PIRE PIRE
Lorsquune antenne produit une puissance rayonne Pe, la
densit surfacique de puissance cre dans une direction
donne est le produit du gain dans cette direction par la
puissance.
La Puissance Isotrope Rayonne Equivalente :
PIRE=Pe.Ge
Valeur trs utile pour les dfinitions de normes.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 93
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Surface effective Surface effective
Soit une antenne illumine par une onde plane de
densit surfacique de puissance (Ps, on appelle
surface effective de lantenne la quantit :

Ps
P
S
d
(
! N ,
charge
En fonction du gain :

r
P
Ps
G
f
x
N
4
,
(
!
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 94
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Surface effective et gain Surface effective et gain
N
x

N ,
4
,
2
A G S !
Si on effectue une transmission entre deux antennes :
2
2
1
2
1
2
4 4 r
G
S
r
G
S
P
P
f
d
x x
! !
charge
Do
Pf
Pd
Rciprocit :
2
2
1
1
S
G
S
G
!
En prenant une transmission avec un
doublet lmentaire, on montre que :
antenne 1
antenne 2
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 95
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Bilan de liaison Bilan de liaison
La formule de FRIIS ou bilan (budget) de liaison permet de
calculer la puissance disponible au niveau de la charge en
rception en fonction de la puissance fournie lantenne
dmission.
e r e r P G G
r
P ! N N
x

, ,
4
2
2
1
2
4 r
G
S
P
P
e
r
x
!
2 2
4
2
G S !
x

or
On connat
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 96
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Bilan de liaison complet Bilan de liaison complet
p f r B e A d P G F G F
r
P L N N
x

. , ,
4
2
!
La formule prcdente suppose des charges adaptes et la
mme polarisation des antennes. Dans le cas contraire, un
budget plus complet peut tre effectu :
Elle tient compte de ladaptation des antennes, de leurs
gains dans la direction de communication et du rendement
de polarisation.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 97
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Notations en dcibels Notations en dcibels
Une expression donne en dcibels reprsente toujours un rapport,
donc une valeur relative une rfrence.
Comme on traite des valeurs de puissance, on utilise 10log (rapport).
Cela reste cohrent avec des calculs en champ o on prend 20log.
Pour les puissances, on parle en dBm ou dBW.
Les directivits ou gains sont exprimes en dB, dBi ou dBd.