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Stress
Nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it. Stressors, stress producing factors It may be pleasant or unpleasant and induces different emotional or psychological responses while eliciting similar physiological reaction.
Alarm Stage
Initial stimulation by a stressor hypothalamic stimulation (release of CRH) pituitary stimulation (release of ACTH) adrenal glands release glucocorticoids (cortisol) Sympathetic stimulation (fight-or-flight mechanism) release of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) vasoconstriction of the skin, GIT, kidneys; vasodilatation` of heart vessels and skeletal muscles increase in heart and respiratory rate; increase in blood pressure
Alarm Stage
Sympathetic stimulation (fight-or-flight mechanism) release of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) vasoconstriction of the skin, GIT, kidneys; vasodilatation` of heart vessels and skeletal muscles increase in heart and respiratory rate; increase in blood pressure
Stage of Resistance
Increase in blood sugar levels immune suppression due to circulating excess corticosteroids delayed healing
Stage of Exhaustion
Resistance to the stressors are depleted and death ultimately occurs
Neurologic Mechanisms
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Peripheral vasoconstriction (skin, viscera, kidneys) GI motility and secretion Vasodilatation of skeletal and cardiac muscles Bronchial dilatation Rate and force of cardiac contraction Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by the liver
Endocrine Mechanism
Effects of Glucocorticoids More fuel is made available for energy via increase in gluconeogenesis, glucogenolysis, lipolysis and protein catabolism
Endocrine Mechanism
Suppresses the inflammatory response
Stabilizes lysosomal membrane which decreases release of proteolytic enzymes Decreases capillary permeability Suppresses the immune system Blocks interleukin 1
Stress-Induced Disease
Cardiovascular disease Coronary artery disease ( Atheroscelrosis)
Hypercholesterolemia
high fat diet, stressful living conditions, personality and genetics
Angina
Emotional stress
Stress-Induced Disease
Immune Deficiency Excessive glucocorticoids Physiologically and psychologically stressful events precipitate a decrease in lymphocyte and leukocyte activity It is detrimental in certain conditions
Stress-Induced Disease
Gastrointestinal Diseases Stress ulcers due to gastric mucosal ischemia and acid secretion Duodenal ulceration (H. Pylori)
Stress-Induced Disease
Cancer Increase in the production of abnormal cells Inability of the body to destroy abnormal cells
Exercise
Physical exercise is essential to health It promotes cardiovascular and other systemic adaptaion to maintain physiologic function
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