Phylum Arthropoda

      

Largest and most successful phylum in the animal kingdom. 75% of all animals! Exoskeleton made of Chitin (light/hard polysaccharide). Must molt or shed exoskeleton to grow Jointed Appendages. CephalizationCephalization-compound eyes, ocelli (eyespots), antennae. Segmented Billateral symmetry

Evolution of Arthropods
Fossilized Trilobites

Evolution of Arthropods


Typical primitive arthropod:

many identical segments with a pair of appendages.

Evolution led to fewer segments and specialized appendages

SUBPHYLUM MANDIBULATES
Antennae, Mandibles & Maxillae  Includes 4 classes-Crustacea, Diplopoda, Chilopoda & classesInsecta.  Crustaceans-add some limestone to the chitinous Crustaceansexoskeleton.  Lobsters & crabs are the giants of this group-most groupare a few centimeters long.


Class Crustacea
Shrimps, crabs, lobsters  2 pairs of antennae-sense antennaesurroundings  Dominant arthropods in sea (as insects are on land)  Appendages to swim, crawl, attach, mate, feed


Crustaceans
In addition to lobsters & crabs, shrimp, copepods and barnacles all belong to this class.  Due to the nature of their rigid exoskeleton, crustaceans must molt or shed their shell in order to grow.  They use an enzyme to split their shell & then crawl out.


1) Small Crustaceans
CopepodsCopepods- extremely abundant, planktonic, filter feed  Barnacles- usually sessile, filter feed, Barnaclesbody enclosed by calcareous plates  Krill- planktonic, shrimp-like, have Krillshrimpcarapace to cover anterior, filter feed


2) Larger CrustaceansCrustaceansDecapods: Decapods: shrimps, lobsters, and crabs

Five pairs of legs, first pair are claws  Carapace encloses cephalothorax (anterior region)  (posterior region) is abdomen


Shrimps and Lobsters

Long abdomens (tails we eat)  Scavengers for food  Lobsters prey on mollusks


Hermit Crabs
Not true crabs  Scavengers  Hide abdomens in empty gastropod shells


True Crabs
Small abdomen and tucked under cephalothorax  V-shape ab. in males  U-shape ab. in females  Largest and most diverse of decapods  Scavengers and predators


Male Jonah Crab

Female Jonah Crab

Feeding
MaxillipedsMaxillipeds- appendages near mouth (decapods have 3 pairs)  Food passes to stomach w/ teeth for grinding  Digestive glands w/ enzymes  Intestine leads to anus  Nutrients distributed through open circulatory system


Circulatory System

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Response (nervous)
Well developed sense organs  Compound eyes (opposite of simplesimple14,000 sensitive units)  Keen sense of smell  Body postures/movements to communicate w/ each other  Simple brain


Reproduction
Separate sexes sexual reproduction  Males directly transfer sperm to females  Ex. Barnacle stretches out appendage to local females  Mating occurs after female molts


METAMORPHOSIS
One last reason for arthropod success is their ability to go through stages that exploit different food at different times in their life.  Incomplete Metamorphosis-Egg-Nymph-Adult. The Metamorphosis-Egg-Nymphnymph stage is like a miniature form of the adult.  Complete Metamorphosis-Egg-Larvae-Pupae-Adult. Metamorphosis-Egg-Larvae-Pupae

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATE


   

FangFang-like mouthparts (Chelicerae)(Chelicerae)-Pedipalps for sense. 2 Classes. Class MerostomataMerostomataHorseshoe crabs. Class Arachnids-8 legs Arachnids2 body parts-spiders, partsticks, mites, scorpions. Book lungs/gills

Horseshoe Crab
    

1. Carapace 2. Telson 3. Compound eye 4. Anterior spine Five pair of legs

ARACHNIDS


Spiders Scorpions

Ticks

MILLIPEDES & CENTIPEDES

Class Diplopoda-The Diplopodamillipedes only have about 100 legs with 2 pairspairs-legs/segment  Class Chilopoda-The Chilopodacentipedes have fewer legs (1 pair/segment).  While millipedes scavenge on decaying plant material, centipedes are predators w/venom glands.


CLASS INSECTA
Class Insecta-largest group of animals in the world! Insecta 3 Body parts-Head, Thorax & Abdomen parts 6 legs, Antennae, Mandibles  Malpighian tubules (Kidneys) get rid of their wastes.


INSECT ANATOMY