An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making,

co-ordination and control in an organisation

Source can be internal as well as external Scope of information Accuracy of collected data Should make a difference Timely availability of information is invaluable Relevance to situation and decision making Consistent pattern of data Continued.

Reliable source of data Impartiability of information Pertinence to the user Time frame concerned Frequency of need and updation Reduced uncertainty

Action information which induces action Non action information denoting the status Recurring information Non recurring or adboc information Internal information External information

A system is a group of interrelated components working together towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organised transformation process

Adaptive system Sub systems and super systems Physical system and conceptual system Deterministic system Probabilistic system Closed and open systems Purposive and open purposive system.

A computer based information system is an effective system which helps to accomplish the goals of the people and the organisation

People Procedures Programs Data Hardware

Input-is a hardware device that supplies data to the CBIS such as the keyboard,mouse Process-Its done by the CPU under software instructions Output-devices like a printer,disc or monitor Storage-is the information systems activity in which data and information are retained in a systematic manner.

Large number of day to day transactions are to be to be processed and accurately recorded eg: Order processing system Extensive and complex information are needed by the top level,middle level and lower level managers

The cycle which is followed is data is collected,its input to a computer where its processsed to produce the output. When output forms an input of a different process is called as cyclic process The cyclic process will also allow the processed data for other operations such as storage and validation

There is a specialised department to support data processing in big organisations This department should take acre of the writing and maintaining the software or programs This dept should also get in to control and operations of the computers and analysis of the organisations information requirements.

Its an organisational and management solution based on Information technology It has to face challenges from the environment Its far more than input, output and o/s operating in vacuum

Inofrmation systems provides major organizational solution to challenges and problems created in the business environment The manager or decision maker should be an information systems literate and must understand the organisation,management and Information technology dimensions of systems and their power to provide solutions

Technical approach Mathematical normative model Physical technology and formal capability Contributing disciplines are computer science, management science and OR Computer science deals with computability and methods of storage and access Mangement science emphasises on development models for mangement and decsion making Operations research focuses on optimizing selected parameters of organisatons like transportation, inventory control etc.

Behavioral problems such as system utilization, implementation and creative designs etc cannot be explained by technical approach Sociologists focus on the impact of information systems on groups,organizations and society Polictical science investigates polictical impacts and uses of Information systems Psychology is concerned with individual responses to information systems and cognitive models of human reasoning.

Operational level systems-support managers by keeping track of elementary activities like sales,payroll etc Knowledge systems- support knowledge and data workers in an organisation.eg:Work stations, office systems Management systems-are designed to monitoring,controlling,decision making and administrative activities

Strategic level systems help the senior management in tackling strategic issues and long term trends both in the firm and external Functional systems help in achieving major organizational functions like sales,manufacturing,finance accounting and HR.

Transaction processing system Supports day to day operations by maintaining detailed records Its a computer based info system that performs and records the routine transactions Examples are salesorderentry,hotelreservation systems& airline reservation system At the operational level,tasks,resources,sales and marketing,manufacturing,accounting and finance, human resources and other types of TPS are unique to the organisation

Transactions are grouped together for a certain amount of time and processed as a batch periodically Its the process of gathering source documents orginated by transactions such as sales orders and invoices in to groups called batches Recording transaction data on an inputmedium Sorting transaction file as in records sequentially in a master file Processing transactions and creating a master file and variety of reports,invoices and paychecks

Process data immediately after they are generated and provides immediate output to the user Data is fed directly in to the computer system and are being stored in direct access devices Files and databases are up to date since they are updated whenever the data is orginated Immediate updating of files and immediate responses to user inquiries eg: An online reservation system

Knowledge workers are people who hold a formal degree and professionals They create new information and knowledge Knowledge work systems such as scientific or engineering design work stations promote creation of new knowledge and ensure that this knowledge and technical expertise are properly intergrated to business

Data workers are engaged in processing rather than creating information They use manipulate or disseminate data OAS are info systems designed to increase the productivity of the data workers by supporting coordination and communication OAS systems handles and manages documents through word processing, desk top publishing,digital filing and communication through email,voice mail and video conferencing

Dtp produces professional publishing quality documents by combining output from word processing software with design elements, graphics and lay out features Conferencing methods are audio,video and computer Video conferencing combines sound and picture,computer conferencing is restricted and FAX transmits graphics as well as text to a long distance

MIS serve the management level of the organisation providing reports and in some cases online access of the companys current performance Its more oriented to internal events It serves the functions of planning,controlling and decision making at the management level It depends on TPS for their data

Support structured and semi structured decisions at the operational and management levels Generally reporting and control oriented Rely on corporate data and data flows Have little analytical capability Requires lengthy analysis and design process

Already inflexible Information requirements are known and stable It has an internal rather than external orientation Aid in decision making using past,present data.

Any system that supports a decision is a decision support system DSS use internal info from TPS and MIS and often bring info from external forces DSS have more analytical power than other systems DSS are designed so that the user can work with them directly The systems are interactive ,the user can change assumptions and use new data The effectiveness is more on the efficiency of decisions than the process

DSS use sophisticated analysis and modelling tools DSS provide support for decisions and problems whose solutions cannot be specified in advance DSS offer users flexibility,adaptability and quick response It operates with little or no assistance from programmers It allows users to initiate and control input and output

These category of information are used by the senior management to make decisions ESS serve strategic level of the organization They address unstructured decisions and create a generalized computing and communications environment ESS are designed to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws and competitors They filter,compress and track critical data ESS employs advanced graphics to get graphs and data for a senior executive.