POWER BALANCE CALCULATION

Optical Fiber Comn Sys (Principle Components)

MAJOR SYSTEM ASPECTS IN AN OPTICAL FIBER LINK

1. Two major issues: (a) To launch Optical Power into a particular fiber. (b) To couple Optical Power from one fiber to another.

2. Launching of optical power entails aspects s.t. NA, Core size, RI profile, Core Cladding Index difference as well as the size, radiance and angular power distribution. 3. Coupling Efficiency, = Pf / Ps, where, Pf is the power coupled into the fiber and Ps power emitted from the source.

4. The launch efficiency depends upon (a) Source output pattern, (b) Reflectivity R = (n1 n)2 / (n1 + n)2 (c) Wavelength of source (d) Equilibrium NA (e) Lensing Scheme 5. Fiber to Fiber Joints (a) Splices permanent or semi permanent joints. (b) Connectors demountable fiber connectors are removable joints which allow easy, fast, manual coupling and uncoupling of fibers.

 Loss (in dB) due to Fresnel reflection at a fiber interface . The effect of Fresnel reflection can be reduced by use of index matching liquid. Problem areas at fiber fiber joint:
Different core and/or cladding diameter Different NA and/or relative RI differences () Different RI profile. Fiber faults i.e. core ellipticity, core concentricity.

Losses due to above factors together with Fresnel reflection are referred as intrinsic losses.

SPLICE LOSS
losses at splices/ joints between two SM fibers. Three types:
Transverse (or Lateral/ Misalignment Angular Misalignment Longitudinal Misalignment axial/ radial)

In absence of these losses, still there are losses due to non-identical field distributions for dissimilar SM fibers.

(a) Transverse

(b) Angular

(c) Longitudinal

 Optical losses due to three types of misalignment depend upon:

Fiber type. Core diameter. Optical power distribution between propagating modes.

Transverse misalignment gives significantly greater losses per unit displacement than longitudinal one.

A TYPICAL LINK DESIGN

F C Tx
Tx Transmitter Rx Receiver C Connector R Repeater F - Fiber S - Splice

F C

Rx

POINT TO POINT LINK

1. The link is the simplest fiber optic comn link wherein a transmitter at one end sends information along an optical fiber link to a receiver at the other end. 2. The design of such a system involves, apart from the txn type, many interrelated aspects such as type of source (LED or LD),the kind of fiber (MM or SM) and photodetector (APD or PIN). 3. The key System requirements for the link design are: (a) Data or bit rate / bandwidth. (b) Bit error rate BER / SNR (c) Transmission distance or link length. 4. Apart from that, the choice of various components also depends on the the cost, reliability and availability of components, modulation/coding scheme, possibility of upgrading etc.

5. Main objective - To meet the system requirements in a cost effective manner. 6. Several shorter lengths of fiber in tandem to cover longer transmission distances and to maintain adequate quality. 7. Each such short fiber is connected to the next one through a regenerative repeater. 8. Regenerative repeater incorporates a line receiver in order to convert the optical signal back into electrical regime. In case of analog transmission, it is amplified and equalized before it is retransmitted as an optical signal via line transmitter.

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
1. The basic issues involved in carrying out analysis of the system performance are: (a) Attenuation which determines the power available at the photo detector input for a given source power. (b) Dispersion which determines the limiting data rate or usable bandwidth. (c) These are referred to as link power and time budgets respectively.

2. Generally, the link power budget is made first in which one determine the power margin between the optical transmitter output and the minimum receiver sensitivity needed to establish a specified BER. If found unsatisfactory, then some components might be changed or Amplification be incorporated. 3. Once established, the designer can prepare time budget to ensure that the desired overall system performance is achieved. 4. Choice of type of fiber to be used depends on the amount of dispersion that can be tolerated and the power to be coupled into the fiber.

5. LEDs are generally used with MM fibers and laser source can be used with both SM and MM fibers. 6. In making the choice of the detector, minimum optical power required to satisfy the BER requirement at the specified data rate and receiver complexity are to be considered. 7. PIN detector is stable and simpler, but APD has to be used when the received optical power level is very low. 8. On the basis of the above considerations, source, fiber and detector are tentatively decided.

POWER BUDGET
1) Required optical power level (Pr) at the receiver to meet the system requirements, coupling losses etc. are required to be given. 2) An allowance has to be made for the degradation of components with ageing, replacements, variations due to temperature fluctuations, improper termination/connection, field repairs, maintenance, variations in drive condition and so on.

3) A designer has to keep a safe margin to take care of these factors. 4) The loss model for a point-to-point optical fiber link is shown:
a) b) c) d) e) f) Lo is the factory unit length of fiber. L is the link distance. is the attenuation coefficient of fiber in dB/km. Pt is the source output power (dBm). Pr(min) is the minimum receiver power (dBm) Lsf is the source to fiber coupling loss (dB).

5) Splice loss:
a) Number of splices N = [ L/Lo] integer part. b) Lff - Fiber to fiber coupling loss (dB). c) Total splice loss is N* Lff (dB). d) Fiber loss = *L. e) Lfd - Fiber to detector coupling loss dB.

Power Margin Pm = ( Pt - Pr(min) - Lsf - N* Lff *L Lfd ) dB - A power margin of Pm 4dB is acceptable, otherwise some components need to be upgraded. - With Pm <4dB, the system will become less reliable.

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
LED switched on and off for binary digital txn. Current Rgs several tens to several hundred mili A.

Performed at high speed to logic input Volt.

Common method to switching LED in common Emitter mode.

Single stg cct provides current gain as well as small volt drop across switch when txtr is in saturation.
Max current flow through LED is limited by resistor R2.

Independent bias to device in provided by R3.

Switching speed of CE in limited by space charge and diffusion capacitance.

ANALOG TRANSMISSION
Light output from led source should follow accurately the time varying input voltage waveform. LED out power should respond linearly to input voltage or current. Not always because nonlinearities in LEDs which create distortion. LED limits performance of analog txn sys Hence suitable compensation ccts are incorporated into drive cct. Simple transistor drive ccts may be utilized.

Major component and Choices

1. Optical fber type and parameters

a). SM or MM b). Size c). Refractive Index d). Attn e). Mode and dispersion f). Coupling and jointing g). Strength

2. Source type and characteristic

a). LED or Laser b). Optical power launched c). Rise and fall time d). Stability

3. Transmitter configuration
a). Design of digital or analog txn b). Input Impedance c). Supply voltage d). Dynamic Rg e). Optical feedback

4.Detector Type
a). P-n, p-i-n, or Avalanche b). Response time c). Bias volt d). Dark current

5. Receiver Configuration
a). Preamplifier design b). BER c). Dynamic rg

6. Modulation and coding

a). Source intensity modulation b). Pulse modulation digital (PCM, ADM), Analog (PAM, PFM, PWM, PPM) c). Encoding Schemes : - biphase, delay modulation d). Direct intensity modulation

LOSSES
CHANNEL LOSSES By Summing up (in db) 1. Fiber cable loss (k in db/Km) 2. Jointing losses to source or splicing losses (j in db/Km) 3. Coupling losses to source & detector (cr in db)

Over call ch loss Cl Cl = (fc + j ) L + cr L in length of fiber in 1m Problem 11.5 A 4 Km optical fiber link with fiber attenuation of 5 db/Km. splices losses are 2 db/km and connection losses at source and detector are 3.5 and 2.5 db respectively. Determine total ch loss.

TEMPORAL RESPONSE
Regarding pulse dispersion in optical fiber ch. Dispersion equalization penalty Dl becomes significant in high bit rate multi mode fiber sys

Dl =( Te/T ) 4 db
Te = 1/e full width pulse broading due to dispersion on link T = bit interval or pd Tc = 2 2 As bit rate Bt as reciprocal of bit interval T Dispersion Equalization penalty Dl = 2 (2 Bt 2 ) 4 db

Total ch loss including dispersion equalization

Cld = (fc + j ) L + cr + Dl db

Problem 11.6
The rms pulse broadening from intermodal dispersion in 0.6 ns/km. estimate the dispersion equalization penalty over unrepeated fiber link of length 8 km at bit rate :a) 25 M bit/s b) 150 M bits/s Also calculate penalty with and without mode coupling

RISE TIME CALCULATION

2. Total sys rise time determined from rise times of individual sys components including source on Txtr, Fiber cables and detector (receiver). 3. Defined in terms of Gaussian response as 10 -90 % rise (or fall) time of individual components total sys rise time is Tsys = 1.1 (Ts2 + Tn2 + Tc 2 + Td2) Ts and Td = source & detector 10- 90% rise time Tn = Intermodal dispersion Tc = Intermodal or chromatic dispersion Rise time tr =2.2 RC Therefore 3 db BW B = 1 / 2 RC RC= 1/ 2 B Tr = 2.2/ 2 B = 0.35/B = Tsys

For RZ pulse format, bit rate Bt = B = 1/, Hence BT (max) = 0.35 / Tsys
For NRZ BT = B/2 = BT (max) = 0.7/Tsys

Problem 11.7
An optical fiber sys in designed to operate over 8 Km length without repeaters the rise time of chosen components are : Source (LED) - 8 ns Fiber - 5 ns/km (Pulse broadening) interamodal 1 ns/Km Detector (p-i-n photodiode) 6 ns. From rise time consideration, Estimate max bit rate on limits using NRZ and RZ ?

OPTICAL POWER BUDGETING

Similar to power budgeting of communication sys When txtr character, fiber losses, rxr sensitivity known Allows evaluation of repeater spacing or max txn dist Sys margin may be included in safety margin Ma, also takes into account possible source and modal noise, rxr impairments, noise degradation, sys margin is in rg of 5 to 10 dB. Sys with injection Laser margin requires larger safety margin (8dB ) than LED source (6 dB)

 Optical power budget for sys is Pi = Po + CL + Mo dB Pi = input optional power launched into fiber Po = input incident optical power at rxr CL = Total ch loss
Pi = Po + ( jc + J ) L + Ma dB Dispersion equalized penalty Pi = Po + ( jc + J ) L + cr + L + Ma dB Gives max link length without repeater ALSO DO EG 11.8 &11.9

Example 11.8 J M Senior

Example 11.9 J M Senior