Chapter 1

Introduction to object oriented Master subtitle style Click to edit programming

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INTRODUCTION TO OOP

Objectives: Know the concept of OOP Know the difference between functional programming and OOP Know basic terminology in OOP Know the importance of OOP Know four design principles of OOP Know OOP programming languages

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INTRODUCTION TO OOP

Object oriented programming is introduced as a new programming concept which should help one in developing high quality software. It attempts to solve the problem with only one approach by dividing the problems in sub-modules and using different objects Objects of the program interact by sending messages to each other.

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INTRODUCTION TO OOP

Programming with objects is quite like working with real world objects. It groups operations and data into modular units called objects. These objects can be combined into structured networks to form a complete program, similar to how the pieces in a puzzle fit together to create a picture.

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INTRODUCTION TO OOP

By breaking down complex software projects into small, self-contained and modular units, object orientation ensure that changes to one part of software project will not affect other portions of the software.

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STRUCTURED vs. OO PROGRAMMING

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:

MAIN PROGRAM

GLOBAL DATA

FUNCTION 1

FUNCTION 2

FUNCTION 3

FUNCTION 4

FUNCTION 5

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Structured Programming
There are features of structured programming: Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms) Using function Function & program is divided into modules Every module has its own data and function which can be called by other modules. Most of the functions share global data

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Structured Programming ( Cont)

Data move openly around the system from function to function Functions transform data from one form to another Employs top down approach in program design.

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Object 1
Data Function Object 2

Data Function

Object 3 Data Function

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

There are features of object oriented programming: Emphasis is on data rather than procedure Programs are divided into what are known as objects Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects. Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure
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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(2)

Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions. Objects may communicate with each other through functions. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary Follows bottom-up approach in program design.

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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING AND OOP

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING OOP

Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms)

Data and functions are kept separately.

Emphasis is on data rather than procedure

Data and functions are group in class

Design is not very strong, hard to Design of the whole system could understand and difficult to be understand by others (even implement. doesnt have background on science computer) Using top-down approach. It breaks a program down into components until they cannot be composed anymore. MTS 3033 - OBJECT ORIENTED

Using bottom-up approach in program design

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Why chose oop?

Current problem of software: Software is difficult to develop, maintain and modify. Most software is over budget and delivered late. Programmers still have to create software from the ground-up. OO introduces techniques that help: Developing a more cost-effective and efficient software that will be delivered on time. Adapt quickly to new changes or client demand.
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Object-Oriented Programming Languages Pure OO Languages

Simula Simulation programming language Found in the late 1960s By O.J. Dahl and Kristen Nygaard Smalltalk Introduced in the early 1970s By Alan Kay First successful object oriented language.
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Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Hybrid OO Languages C++, Eiffel, etc Emerged in the mid 1980s

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Advantages using oop

OOP offers several advantages to both program designer and the user. Object orientation contributes to the solution of many problems associated with the development and quality software and lesser maintenance cost. The principles advantages are : i. Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing class ii. We can build programs from the standard working modules that communicate width one another, rather than having to start writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving development time and higher
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Advantages using oop

iii.

iii. iii.

The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that cannot be invaded by code in other parts of program. It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects. Object oriented system can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

i. ii. iii. i. ii. iii. iv.

Object Class Message

Object

Communication

Encapsulation Abstraction Inheritance Polymophism

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

The key concepts are: Object

-Directly relate to the real world entities. -Can be a person, thing or concept (a noun). -Like a black box, therefore all the implementation is hidden.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Object

has a Attribute - description of objects in a class Method - an action performed by an object (a verb) Identity (unique name)

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Example for attributes and methods Attributes: manufacturers name model name year made color number of doors size of engine etc.
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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Methods: Define

data items (specify manufacturers name, model, year, etc.) Change a data item (color, engine, etc.) Display data items Calculate cost etc.
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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (Cont)

Class A generic

definition for a set of similar objects. Provides the specifications for the objects behaviors and attributes. An abstraction of a real world entity.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Object vs Class object is created from a class. object is considered as an instance of a class. class is considered as a template from which objects are instantiated can create an object or many objects from a class.

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Object vs Class
Diagram 1: Class Car Car
Door Seat Type Model

Diagram 2: MyCar as an Object

Drive Stop Lock Unlock

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BASIC CONCEPT OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Messages Requests for the receiver objects to carry out the indicated method or behavior and return the result of that action to the sender objects

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING(Cont)

Object Communications Objects communicate by sending messages

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Design Principles of OOP

Four main design principles of ObjectOriented Programming(OOP): Abstraction Encapsulation Polymorphism Inheritance

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Abstraction
Data abstraction is a process to delete all unnecessary attributes and remain the necessary attributes to describe an object. Object in a program is an abstraction from a real object (in real world). Attributes characteristics, which can be seen. Behaviours actions that are done to an object. Figure 1.1 shows how data abstraction is done for class Student 31 MTS 3033 - OBJECT ORIENTED 3/5/12

Abstraction
OBJECT STUDENT CLASS STUDENT CHARACTERISTIC/ATRRIBUTES
NAME, MATRIK NUMBER, ADDRESS, IC NUMBER

ABSTRACTION

BEHAVIOUR/METHOD CALCULATE_MARK (), DETERMINE_GRED(), PRINT_RESULT()

FIGURE 1.1
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Abstraction
OBJECT BOX
OBJECT BOX ABSTRACTION

CLASS BOX
CHARACTERISTIC/ATRRIBUTES Length, width, depth

BEHAVIOUR/METHOD Calculate_Volume() Calculate_Area()

FIGURE 1.2
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Abstraction
Focus only on the important facts about the problem at hand To design, produce and describe so that it can be easily used without knowing the details of how it works. Analogy: When you drive a car, you dont have to know how the gasoline and air are mixed and ignited. Instead you only have to know how to use the controls. Draw map

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Encapsulation
Encapsulation

is a process of tying together all data and methods that form a class and control the access to data by hiding its information. It enables access to object just by using methods of that object. It is one of the security features in object-oriented programming (OOP). Figure 1.3 shows the concept of encapsulation for a class Student and Figure 1.4 for class Box.
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Encapsulation
Student private : int matricNum int icNum char name[30] char address[100] public : double calculate_mark() void determine_mark() void print_result() FIGURE 1.3 Box private : float length float width float depth public : float calculate_volume() float area()

FIGURE 1.4

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Encapsulation

Also known as data hiding Only objects methods can modify information in the object. Process of hiding the implementation details of an object. Access to manipulate the object data is through its interface (operations/ functions). Protects an objects internal state from being corrupted by other programs.
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Encapsulation

Program maintenance is easier and less expensive because changes in the object data or implementation is only modified in one place Allows objects to be viewed as black boxes.

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Polymorphism

the same word or phrase can mean different things in different contexts Analogy: In English, bank can mean side of a river or a place to put money move -

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Inheritance

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Inheritancea way of organizing classes Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye color, hair color, and so on. Classes with properties in common can be grouped so that their common properties are only defined once. Superclass inherit its attributes & methods to the subclass(es). Subclass can inherit all its superclass attributes & methods
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An Inheritance Hierarchy
Vehicle Subcla sses Automobile Superclas s

Motorcycle

Bus

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Sedan

Sports Car

Luxury Bus

School Bus

What properties does each vehicle inherit from the types of vehicles above it in the diagram?
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