TUBERCULOSIS

By: Creston Brown and Lindsay Saelinger

WHAT IS IT?
Bacterial infection  Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also called tubercle bacillus) bacillus)  Damages a person s lungs or other parts of the body  Fatal if not treated properly


TRANSMISSION


Spreads through the air when a person with active TB

 Coughs  Speaks  Laughs  Sneezes  Sings

Another person breathes in the bacteria and becomes infected

http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/abouttb.html.

INSIDE THE BODY

Breath in infected air and bacilli go to lungs through bronchioles  Bacilli infect alveoli  Macrophages attack bacteria, but some survive  Infected macrophages separate and form tubercles  Dead cells form granulomas


ACTIVE vs. LATENT INFECTION



Unhealthy person
Bacilli overwhelm immune system  Bacilli break out of tubercles in alveoli and spread through bloodstream  This is active TB


Healthy person
Initial infection controlled by immune system  Bacilli remain confined in tubercles for years  This is latent TB

http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/abouttb.html.

SYMPTOMS
        

Perpetual Cough Fever Weight loss Night sweats Loss of appetite Fatigue Swollen glands Chills Pain while breathing

DIAGNOSIS
Skin test- Mantoux test test PPD injected in forearm and examined 2-3 days later 2 Red welt around injection indicates infection  Examine medical history, xxrays, and sputum

http://www.arches.uga.edu/~efletch/TBtx.htm

MOST SUSCEPTIBLE
 People
 Close

at higher risk of TB infection

contacts with people with infectious TB  People born in areas where TB is common  People with poor access to health care  People who inject illicit drugs  People who live or work in residential facilities  Health care professionals  The elderly

MOST SUSCEPTIBLE (CONT.)



People at higher risk of active TB disease

 People

with weak immune systems (especially those with HIV or AIDS)  People with diabetes or silicosis  People infected within the last 2 years  People with chest x-rays that show previous xTB disease  Illicit drug and alcohol abusers

TREATMENTS
Take antibiotics for 6-12 months 6 Preventative drug to destroy dormant bacteria  For active TB, 4 medications: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide  Vaccines (relatively ineffective today)


BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON HUMANS

Causes more deaths than any other infectious disease  About 2 billion people infected worldwide  Major health problem in developing countries  Leading killer of youth and young adults  Leading cause of death for women of childbearing age


TUBERCULOSIS


FIRST SIGHTING (2400 BCE): EGYPTIAN MUMMIES



FRAGMENTS OF SPINAL COLUMN




460 BCE: HIPPOCRATES IDENTIFICATION

SAYS MOST WIDESPREAD DISEASE OF TIME  ALWAYS FATAL WARNING TO DOCTORS: DO NOT VISIT PATIENT

http://www.umdnj.edu/ntbcweb/history.htm.l

TUBERCULOSIS


EXACT DESCRIPTIONS (1679): SYLVIUS OPERA MEDICA



FIRST TO DESCRIBE IMPACT ON LUNGS




ITALIAN MEDICAL LITERATURE

FIRST REFERENCE TO INFECTIOUS NATURE OF TB IN ITALIAN MEDICAL BOOKS  EDICT BY REPUBLIC OF LUCCA

http://www.goshen.edu/bio/Biol206labproject/tricia/tbhx.html.

TUBERCULOSIS


1720 DR. BENJAMIN MARTIN



A NEW THEORY OF CONSUMPTION  TB IS EASY TO CATCH!




FIRST MAJOR STEP AGAINST TB: SANATORIUM

HERMANN BREHMER: SILESIAN BOTANY STUDENT  DOCTOR: GO TO HEALTHIER CLIMATE  TRIP TO HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS: CURED!!!!!!!!!!

TUBERCULOSIS



SANATORIUM (CONTINUED)

BREHMER PRESENTED DOCTORAL DISSERTATION  IT WAS CALLED, |TB IS A CURABLE DISEASE}  CREATED SANATORIUM  THOUSANDS IN US AND EUROPE  IRONIC SOLUTION  MOVIES: DRUG LORDS, CRIME

TUBERCULOSIS

JEANJEAN-ANTOINE VILLEMIN (1865)

 

FRENCH MILITARY DOCTOR  HUMANS-CATTLE-RABBITS HUMANS-CATTLEMICROORGANISM CAUSE OF DISEASE TB DOES NOT ARISE SPONTANEOUSLY


TUBERCULOSIS




ROBERT KOCH (1882)



ABLE TO SEE TB! EXCITEMENT THAT WE CAN BEAT TB!

TUBERCULOSIS


FORLANINI: FIRST USE OF SURGICAL METHODS

 

COLLAPSING OF LUNG REDUCE LUNG VOLUME

CALMETTE AND GUERIN



BASIS FOR BCG VACCINE

TUBERCULOSIS
BREAKTHROUGH  NOVEMBER 20TH, 1944



ANTIBIOTIC FIRST ADMINISTERED  EFFECTS IMMEDIATE BACTERIA DISAPPEARED FROM SPUTUM  RAPID RECOVERY


TUBERCULOSIS
TB TODAY  CORRELATES WITH ECONOMY  AFRICA, ASIA, LATIN AMERICA  8 MILLION CONTRACT TB  2-3 MILLION DIE  MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE MULTI

TUBERCULOSIS

MULTIMULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE  FOUR DRUG REGIMENT  CREATE STRONGER MEDICINES



TUBERCULOSIS




ADAPTIVE ASPECT
ACQUIRED CELL IMMUNITY


ABILITY TO INITIATE TH1

DENDRITIC CELLS ABILITY TO ACTIVE MORE TH1 CELLS



www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/full/172/5/2748.

SOURCES
 

A Brief History of Tuberculosis. 6 March 2005 http://www.umdnj.edu/~ntbcweb/history.htm. http://www.umdnj.edu/~ntbcweb/history.htm. Bhatt, Kamlesh. Cutting Edge: A New Approach to Modeling Early Lung Immunity in Murine Tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology 172 (2004). 10 March 2005 www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/full/172/5/2748. Brief History of Tuberculosis. National Tuberculosis Center. 10 March 2005 http://www.umdnj.edu/ntbcweb/history.htm. History of Tuberculosis. New Jersey Medical School National Tuberculosis Center. 10 March 2005 http://www.goshen.edu/bio/Biol206labproject/tricia/tbhx.html. Questions and Answers About TB. CDC. 6 March 2005 http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/faqs/qa_introduction.htm. http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/faqs/qa_introduction.htm. Tripathi, Rama P. Fighting Tuberculosis: An Old Disease With New Challenges. Medicinal Research Reviews 25.1 (2004) 6 March 2005 Tuberculosis. 6 March 2005 http://www.arches.uga.edu/~efletch/symptoms.htm. http://www.arches.uga.edu/~efletch/symptoms.htm. Watson, Debra. The Worst Year In History For Tuberculosis. World Socialist Website. International Committee of http://www.wsws.org/science/1998/jun1998/tb-j20.shtml. the Fourth International. 6 March 2005 http://www.wsws.org/science/1998/jun1998/tb-j20.shtml. What You Need To Know About Tuberculosis. 6 March 2005 http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/abouttb.html. http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/resources/tbcpp/abouttb.html. Zar, Heather J. Tuberculosis in the Developing World. Pediatric Pulmonology 26 (2004) 6 March 2005