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Hemodialysis access
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States has increased steadily. 2030: 2.24 million patients with ESRD. The creation and maintenance of functioning vascular access, along with the associated complications, constitute the most common cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and cost in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Arteriovenous fistulas
The standard by which all other fistulas are measured, is the Brescia-Cimino fistula. (2 year patency: 55% to 89%)
radial branch-cephalic direct access (snuffbox fistula), autogenous ulnar-cephalic forearm transposition, autogenous brachial-cephalic upper arm direct access (antecubital vein to the brachial artery), autogenous brachial-basilic upper arm transposition (basilic vein transposition). These options should be exhausted before nonautogenous material is used for dialysis access.
Noninvasive Criteria for Selection of Upper-Extremity Arteries and Veins for Dialysis Access Procedures
Venous examination Venous luminal diameter 2.5 mm for autogenous AVFs, 4.0 mm for bridge AV grafts Absence of segmental stenoses or occluded segments Continuity with the deep venous system in the upper arm Absence of ipsilateral central vein stenosis or occlusion Arterial examination Arterial luminal diameter 2.0 mm Absence of pressure differential 20 mm Hg between arms Patent palmar arch
Hemodialysis access
Quality of life and overall outcome could be improved significantly for hemodialysis patients if two primary goals were achieved:
Increased placement of native AVFs: a minimum of 50% of new dialysis patients should have primary AVFs. Detection of dysfunctional access before thrombosis of the access route occurs.
National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome and Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI)