BESARAN, SATUAN

DAN PENGUKURAN
ARIF BUDIMAN, M.Si
BESARAN DAN SATUAN
BESARAN
BESARAN POKOK DAN BESARAN
TURUNAN
SATUAN DAN SISTEM SATUAN
BESARAN VEKTOR
BESARAN ?
BESARAN POKOK/DASAR?
BESARAN TURUNAN?
SATUAN?
SATUAN INTERNASIONAL (SI)
SATUAN NON INTERNASIONAL (NON
SI)


BESARAN POKOK/DASAR
NO. BESARAN SATUAN SI
LAMBANG
SATUAN SI
DIMENSI
1. MASSA KILOGRAM kg [M]
2. PANJANG METER m [L]
3. WAKTU SEKON s [T]
4. KUAT ARUS AMPERE A [I]
5. TEMPERATUR KELVIN K [O]
6. INTENSITAS CAHAYA KANDELA Cd [J]
7. JUMLAH ZAT MOL mol [N]

BESARAN TAMBAHAN
NO. BESARAN SATUAN SI
LAMBANG
SATUAN SI
DIMENSI
1. SUDUT DATAR RADIAN rad -
2. SUDUT RUANG STERADIAN str -

All things in classical mechanics can be
expressed in terms of the fundamental units:

Length L
Mass M
Time T

For example:
Speed has units of L / T (i.e. miles per hour).
Force has units of ML

/ T
2
etc... (as you will learn).
Fundamental Units in
Mechanics
Length:
Distance Length (m)
Radius of visible universe 1 x 10
26

To Andromeda Galaxy 2 x 10
22

To nearest star 4 x 10
16

Earth to Sun 1.5 x 10
11

Radius of Earth 6.4 x 10
6

Sears Tower 4.5 x 10
2

Football field 1.0 x 10
2

Tall person 2 x 10
0

Thickness of paper 1 x 10
-4

Wavelength of blue light 4 x 10
-7

Diameter of hydrogen atom 1 x 10
-10

Diameter of proton 1 x 10
-15


Time:
Interval Time (s)
Age of universe 5 x 10
17

Age of Grand Canyon 3 x 10
14

32 years 1 x 10
9

One year 3.2 x 10
7

One hour 3.6 x 10
3

Light travel from Earth to Moon 1.3 x 10
0

One cycle of guitar A string 2 x 10
-3

One cycle of FM radio wave 6 x 10
-8

Lifetime of neutral pi meson 1 x 10
-16
Lifetime of top quark 4 x 10
-25


Mass:
Object Mass (kg)
Milky Way Galaxy 4 x 10
41

Sun 2 x 10
30

Earth 6 x 10
24

Boeing 747 4 x 10
5

Car 1 x 10
3

Student 7 x 10
1

Dust particle 1 x 10
-9

Top quark 3 x 10
-25
Proton 2 x 10
-27

Electron 9 x 10
-31
Neutrino 1 x 10
-38


Units...
SI (Systme International) Units:
mks: L = meters (m), M = kilograms (kg), T = seconds (s)
cgs: L = centimeters (cm), M = grams (gm), T = seconds
(s)

British Units:
Inches, feet, miles, pounds, slugs...

We will use mostly SI units, but you may run across some
problems using British units. You should know how to convert
back & forth.

Converting between different
systems of units
Useful Conversion factors:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 mile = 1.61 km

Example: convert miles per hour to meters per
second:
s
m
447 0
s
hr
3600
1
ft
m
28 3
1
mi
ft
5280
hr
mi
1
hr
mi
1 .
.
= =
This is a very important tool to check your work
Its also very easy!

Example:
Doing a problem you get the answer distance
d = vt
2
(velocity x time
2
)

Units on left side = L
Units on right side = L / T x T
2
= L x T

Left units and right units dont match, so answer must be
wrong!!
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis
The period P of a swinging pendulum depends only on
the length of the pendulum d and the acceleration of
gravity g.
Which of the following formulas for P could be
correct ?
P
d
g
= 2t P
d
g
= 2t
(a) (b) (c)
P = 2t (dg)
2

Solution
Realize that the left hand side P has units of time (T )
Try the first equation
( )
P dg = 2
2
t (a) (b) (c)
(a)
L
L
T
L
T
T
|
\

|
.
|
= =
2
2
4
4
Not Right !!
P
d
g
= 2t P
d
g
= 2t
L
L
T
T T
2
2
= =
( )
P dg = 2
2
t (a) (b) (c)
(b)
Not Right !!
Try the second equation
Solution
P
d
g
= 2t P
d
g
= 2t
T T
T
L
L
2
2
= =
( )
P dg = 2
2
t (a) (b) (c)
(c)
This has the correct units!!
This must be the answer!!
Try the third equatio
Solution
P
d
g
= 2t P
d
g
= 2t
Vectors...
There are two common ways of indicating
that something is a vector quantity:

Boldface notation: A



Arrow notation:
A =

A
Vectors...
The magnitude (length) of r is found
using the Pythagorean theorem:
r = = + r x y
2 2
r
y
x
The length of a vector clearly does not depend on its direction.
Unit Vectors:
A Unit Vector is a vector having length 1
and no units
It is used to specify a direction
Unit vector u points in the direction of U
Often denoted with a hat: u =


Useful examples are the Cartesian
unit vectors [ i, j, k ]
point in the direction of the
x, y and z axes
U

x
y
z
i
j
k
Vector addition:
Consider the vectors A and B.
Find A + B ?
We can arrange the vectors as we want, as long as we
maintain their length and direction!!
A
B
A
B
A
B
C = A + B
u
C
2
= A
2
+ B
2
+ 2AB cos u
Vector addition using
components:
Consider C = A + B.

C = (A
x
i + A
y
j) + (B
x
i + B
y
j)
= (A
x
+ B
x
)i + (A
y
+ B
y
)j
= (C
x
i + C
y
j)

Comparing components of (a) and (b):

C
x
= A
x
+ B
x

C
y
= A
y
+ B
y
C
B
x
A
B
y
B
A
x
A
y
Vector substract:
Consider the vectors A and B.
Find A - B ?
A B = A + (-B)
We can arrange the vectors as we want, as long as we
maintain their length and direction!!
C
2
= A
2
+ B
2
- 2AB cos u
A
B
A
- B
D = A + B
u
A
- B
VECTOR PRODUCT
DOT PRODUCT = SCALAR
CROSS PRODUCT = VECTOR

DOT PRODUCT
i - i = j - j = k - k = 1
i - j = j - k = k - i = 0
Consider the vectors A and B.
Find A - B ?
A - B = (A
x
i + A
y
j) -(B
x
i + B
y
j) = A
x
B
x
+ A
y
B
y

A - B = A B cos u
B
A
u
CROSS PRODUCT
i i = j j = k k = 0
i j = k
i k = - j
Consider the vectors A and B.
Find A x B ?
C = A x B
= (A
x
i + A
y
j) x(B
x
i + B
y
j) = (A
x
B
y
- A
y
B
x
) k

C = A B sin u

x
y
z
i
j
k
B
A
u
C