CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart Blood

Vessels Vessels

Artery, vein, blood capillaries Thoracic duct Large lymphatic vessel Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic

HEART

Muscular organ that is rhythmically contracting Serves as the pump of the circulatory system Located in the middle mediastinum and found within the pericardial cavity Weight in normal adult

Females: 250-300 g Males: 300-350 g

HEART
4

chambers
Right and left atria Right and left ventricles

Walls

of the heart have 3 layers

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

Endocardium
Innermost

layer Lined by endothelium resting on a thin subendothelial layer ( contains collagen and elastic fibers and some smooth muscles) Subendocardial layer

Connects the myocardium to subendothelial layer (contains veins, nerves, branches of impulseconducting system)

Cardiac Valves
Central

core of dense fibrous tissue (collagen and elastic fibers) Lined on both sides by endothelium Bases of valves attached to annuli fibrosi Types

Atrioventricular, pulmonary, aortic valves Prevent the reflux of blood during relaxation of heart

Function

Myocardium
Middle

and thickest layer Cardiac muscles arranged in layers which insert into fibrous skeleton Responsible for

Pumping blood through the circulation Conduction of impulses

Pericardium
Outer

fibrous layer or fibrous pericardium Inner serous layer or serous pericardium

External parietal layer Inner visceral layer (epicardium)

Epicardium
Corresponds

to the visceral layer of the

pericardium Covered by mesothelium Subepicardial layer of loose CT contains veins, nerves, adipose tissue Between visceral and outer parietal layer of the pericardium has small amount of fluid

Cardiac Skeleton
Continuous

framework of dense connective tissue (thick collagen fibers oriented in various directions) which

Provide attachment for many cardiac muscles Serves as base of valves

Principal

components

Annuli fibrosi Trigona fibrosa Septum membranosum

Purkinje Cells
Specialized

cardiac muscle fibers for impulse

conduction

Sinoatrial node (SA) Atrioventricular node (AV) Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) Purkinje cells

BLOOD VESSELS

 Arteries Capillaries Veins

 Macrovasculature

Vessels more than 0.1 mm in diameter Large arterioles, muscular and elastic arteries, muscular veins Visible only under the microscope Small arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules Important site of exchange between blood and surrounding tissues

Microvasculature

Blood Vessels 3 layers

Tunica

intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia

Tunica Intima
Lined

by endothelium supported by subendothelial layer In arteries, internal elastic lamina (elastica interna)

Forms the boundary between the tunica intima and tunica media Composed of elastin Has gaps that allow diffusion of substances to nourish the deeper layers

Tunica Media
Middle

layer of circular smooth muscles Variable amounts of elastic fibers, reticular fibers, proteoglycans and glycoproteins In arteries, has external elastic lamina

Forms boundary between tunica media and tunica adventitia

Tunica Adventitia
Outer

coat Consists principally of collagen and elastic fibers

Vasa Vasorum
Blood

supply to blood vessels Numerous in the adventitia of large vessels Supply blood to adventitia and outer part of tunica media More frequent in veins than arteries

Nervi Vasorum
Blood

vessels containing smooth muscles are supplied by sympathetic nerve fibers (vasomotor nerve)

Its neurotransmitter is epinephrine

Classification of Artery
Elastic

artery Muscular artery Small artery and arterioles

Elastic Artery or Conducting Artery

Large

elastic arteries Thicker intima Numerous elastic fibers in the tunica media Lumen is larger while wall is thinner Include the aorta and its large branches

Muscular or Distributing Artery

Medium-sized arteries Intima with subendothelial layer Prominent internal elastic lamina Less elastic fibers and more smooth muscles External elastic lamina present only in larger muscular arteries Lumen is smaller and wall is thicker Include branchial, femoral, radial, popliteal arteries and their branches

Small Artery and Arterioles

Arterioles

200 u to 400 u in diameter with narrow lumen Very thin subendothelial layer; internal elastic lamina absent; media with 1 or 2 circular smooth muscles Tunica media more developed with larger lumens

Small artery

In both, tunica adventitia very thin Important segment of the circulation Principal component of the peripheral resistance to flow that regulate blood pressure

Blood Capillaries
Small

endothelial tubes that connect arterioles to venules Wall is composed of simple squamous (endothelium) resting on a basal lamina Scattered along the outside are cells called pericytes

Possess long branching processes that extend circumferentially around each capillary Help propel blood through the capillaries

Blood Capillaries 3 types

Continuous

type Fenestrated type Sinusoidal (discontinuous)

Continuous Capillaries
Or

somatic capillaries Endothelium forms a thin uninterrupted layer around the whole circumference of the capillary Found in all types of muscles, CT, exocrine glands, nervous tissue

Fenestrated Capillaries
Visceral

capillaries Endothelium is interrupted with circular pores or fenestrae which are obliterated by a diaphragm that is thinner than cell membrane Basal lamina is continuous Found in endocrine organs, small intestine, glomeruli

Sinusoidal Capillaries (Discontinuous)

Capillaries

with tortuous path with enlarged

diameter Endothelial cells are separated by wide spaces Cytoplasm of endothelial cells have fenestrations without diaphragm Basal lamina discontinuous Found in the liver, bone marrow and spleen

Postcapillary Venules
0.1

to 0.5 mm diameter Endothelium with very thin subendothelial layer Loose endothelial junctions Media may contain only contractile pericytes

Veins
Same

3 layers Muscular veins and large veins Structural differences with arteries

Veins have lesser smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers Boundaries of the layers are not very distinct Thickest coat in the veins is the tunica adventitia Veins have valves especially in the lower extremities

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic Vessels
The

lymph vascular system is a drainage system Its terminal branches, the lymphatic capillaries, end blindy and transport a clear fluid called lymph from the extracellular spaces back to the circulation through the venous system

Lymphatic Capillaries Differ from Blood Capillaries

Lymphatic

vessels are more variable with regards to its shape and caliber Pericytes are absent No continuous basal lamina End blindly as rounded or swollen ends

Lymphatic Vessels
Larger

lymphatic vessels

Resemble veins more than arteries 3 layers of coat but are less distinct Tunica media smooth muscle fibers are more developed Valves are present

Areas Without Lymphatic Vessels

CNS Internal Eyeball Teeth Cartilage Bone

ear

marrow Placenta