Indonesia: Water Balance

By S.M.Nafees

INDONESIA: unity in diversity

Island : 17,500 Population : 237 million (a.t. 2010) Irrigated Land : 6.77 million hectare River : 5,886 Precipitation : 2,500 mm/year (average), 80% during rainy season Majority of water usage: Irrigation (80%)

WATER USAGE CONDITION

WATER AVAILABILITY (106 m3/yr)
POTENTIAL RELIABLE CAPACITY

3,221,000 UTILIZED (106 m3/yr

692,000

UNUTILIZED (106 m3/yr)

156,000 (22.5%) DMI (106 m3/yr)

536,000 (77.5%)

IRRIGATION (106 m3/yr)

29,000 (18.6%)
DOMESTIC (106m3/yr)

127,000 (81.4 %)

MUNICIPAL (106 m3/yr)

INDUSTRY (106 m3/yr) 5,600 (3,6%)

3

17,000 (10,9%)

6,400 (4.1%)

Water Potential in Indonesia and Water Availability per Capita

Total Indonesia
TP: 3221 PC: 16.8

Kalimantan TP: 1008 PC: 98.8

TP:

Sulawesi 247 PC: 18.3

Papua & Maluku
TP: 981 PC: 251.5

Sumatera TP: 738 PC: 18.4

Java TP: 187 PC:

TP = Total Potency (billion m3/yr) PC = Per Capita (1.000 m3/capita/yr)

1.6

Sunda Kecil TP: 60 PC: 5.5

WRM In Indonesia & Problem

DEFORESTATION
18.500,000 ha in critical condition.

FLOOD

DROUGHT

HIGH POPULATION WATER WASTE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

5

INDONESIA: Water Resources Problems

1. Time and spatial water distribution. 2. Rapidly increasing water usage and water quality degradation. 3. Water resources degradation and depletion 4. Water infrastructure quality degradation 5. Financing approach

6. Lack of beneficiaries role and community participations

7. Climate change which resulted in changes in precipitation patterns

Indonesia: Water Balance

Precipitation : Evapotranspiration + Overland run-off + River discharge + Ground water Depend on:

Climate/ Weather Land-use , Crop Human / Industrial use

Effects of Climate Change On Environmental Water

Water Balance Cycle

Data-based hydrological models

Indonesia: Water Balance 2003 & 2020

NATIONAL YEAR 2003

TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 1,957,205.0 (M m3) RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 1,474,149.8 (M m3) 483,055.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 112,275.7 (M m3) RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 45,821.5 (M m3) 66,454.1 (M m3)

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

NATIONAL YEAR 2020

WATER AVAIABILITY 1,957,205.0 (M m3) RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 1,474,149.8 (M m3) 483,055.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 127,707.1 (M m3) RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 52,176.3 (M m3) 75,530.8 (M m3)

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SUMATERA
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 480,968.0 (M m3) 25% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 384,774.4 (M m 96,193.6 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 19,965.7 (M m3) 18% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 8,319.0 (M m 11,646.7 (M m3)

BORNEO
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 556,699.0 (M m3) 28% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 389,689.3 (M m 167,009.7 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 4,898.0 (M m3) 4% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 2,040.8 (M m 2,857.2 (M m3)

CELEBES
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 143,778.0 (M m3) 7% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 129,400.2 (M m 14,377.8 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 15,440.0 (M m3) 14% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 6,433.3 (M m 9,006.7 (M m3)

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS PAPUA

SURPLUS

TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 545,377.0 (M m3) 28% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 381,763.9 (M m 163,613.1 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 137.2 (M m3) 0.1% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 57.2 (M m 80.0 (M m3)

SURPLUS
Source: DGWR, Ministry of Public Works, 2004

SURPLUS

JAVA & BALI

TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 126,451.0 (M m3) 7% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 101,160.8 (M m 25,290.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 65,839.1 (M m3) 59% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 27,432.9 (M m 38,406.1 (M m3)

NUSA TENGGARA
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 42,156.0 (M m3) 2% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 37,940.4 (M m 4,215.6 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 5,760.0 (M m3) 5% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 1,440.0 (M m 4,320.0 (M m3)

MOLUCCAS
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 61,776.0 (M m3) 4% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 49,420.8 (M m 12,355.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND WAER 235.7 (M m3) 0.2% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 98.2 (M m 137.5 (M m3)

SURPLUS

DEFICIT

SURPLUS

DEFICIT

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SUMATERA
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 480,968.0 (M m3) 25% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 384,774.4 (M m 96,193.6 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 22,766,0 (M m3) 18% Total Nasional RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 9,485.8 (M m 13,280.2 (M m3)

BORNEO
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 556,699.0 (M m3) 28% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 389,689.3 (M m 167,009.7 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 6,014.0 (M m3) 5% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 2,505.8 (M m 3,508.2 (M m3)

CELEBES
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 143,778.0 (M m3) 7% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 129,400.2 (M m 14,377.8 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 16,612.0 (M m3) 13% Total Nasional RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 6,921.7 (M m 9,690.3 (M m3)

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

SURPLUS PAPUA

SURPLUS

TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 545,377.0 (M m3) 28% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 3) 381,763.9 (M m 163,613.1 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 281,0 (Juta m3) 0,2% Total Nasional RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 117.1 (M m3) 163.9 (M m3)

SURPLUS
Sumber: Ditjen SDA, of Public Works, 2004 Source: DGWR, Ministry Departemen PU,2004

SURPLUS

JAVA & BALI

TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 126,451.0 (M m3) 7% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 101,160.8 (M m3) 25,290.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 75,569.0 (M m3) 59% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 31,487.1 (M m3) 44,081.9 (M m3)

NUSA TENGGARA
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 42,156.0 (M m3) 2% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 37,940.4 (M m3) 4,215.6 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 6,210.1 (M m3) 5% Total National RANY SEASON DRY SEASON 1,552.5 (M m3) 4,657.6 (M m3)

MOLUCCAS
TOTAL WATER AVAILABILITY 61,776.0 (M m3) 4% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 49,420.8 (M m3) 12,355.2 (M m3) TOTAL WATER DEMAND 254.9 (M m3) 0.2% Total National RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON 106.2 (M m3) 148.7 (M m3)

SURPLUS

DEFICIT

SURPLUS

DEFICIT

SURPLUS

SURPLUS

Indonesia: Water Balance

Water Availability:
Annual potential water availability is 1,957 M m3. Unevenly distributed over space and time. More than 83% potential water availability is concentrated in Borneo, Papua, and Sumatera, the rest in Java, Celebes and Nusa Tenggara. Around 80% from total potential water (1,957 M m3/year) available during rainy season, which lasting within 5 months duration. While the rest (20%) available during dry season, which lasting within 7 month duration.

Water Demand:
More than 59% water demand is concentrated in Java and Bali. It consist of drinking water, domestic water, urban water, water for industry, agriculture, and others. The total water demand in Sumatera, Celebes, Borneo, Moluccas, and Papua , Maluku, and Papua around 41%.

Water Balance:
Total demand in the year 2020 can be met by total water available. However there is deficit on the islands with high populationdensity and limited water resources.

Integration: Water Balance

1. Upstream and downstream
INDICATOR:
JUSTICE EFFICIENCY ECONOMY
SUSTAINBILITY ENVIRONMENT

2.
3. 4. 5.

Quality and quantity

Surface water and groundwater Land use and water use Inter-sector (Policy of regional goverments and Government)

6.

All stakeholders

General Policies of Utilization of Water Resources

1. Provide water that meets the quality and quantity requirements in accordance with place and time on an ongoing basis to meet the daily basic needs as a priority. 2. Increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the provision and use of irrigation water with priority on operations and maintenance, optimization, rehabilitation, and improvement of irrigation system performance rather than new construction. 3. Encourage the development of irrigation and swamp in order to support their agricultural productivity to increase agricultural production in the context of national food security and welfare of the people especially farmers. 4. Implement Water Resources Utilization to support economic development effectively and efficiently by taking into account interests of inter-sector, regions, and long-term impact. 5. Apply the principle beneficiaries bear the cost of water resource management services fee, except for the daily basic needs of people and agricultural to encourage water saving and increase water resource management performance. 6. Increase the role of business field in the utilization of water resources while prioritizing public interest.

Reforestation the best way to Balance Water Cycle

END. .. .. .. .. ..