ATP is the main energy system within the human body, it is what everything needs to be turned into to process

energy, so glucose and glycogen have to be turned into this, although they are separate forms of energy it all leads down to this specific type. ATP stands for Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate , which is the only source of energy that you can use without having to go through any particular process, the reason it is called adenosine TRIphosphate is because tri means three, and there are three phosphates within ATP, so it would look like this if it were an equation : A + P+P+P ATP is stored within the muscles within our bodies. Inside our bodies we have about 85g of ATP, the amount of sustained exercise this would achieve would only be the small amount of two seconds. ATP turns into ADP when we need energy, because one phosphate disbands from ATP and turns it into ADP which is named adenosine-Di-phosphate , DI stands for two. The structure of ATP would look like this:
Adenosine P

The structure of ADP would look like this : Adenosine Energy This would be the equation of the transformation, ATP > ADP + P + Energy (Exothermic)ADP + P + Energy > ATP (Endothermic)

As written in the previous slide, ATP can only provide us with 2 seconds of energy at the maximum , so this means that ATP needs to be re-synthesised, there are three main energy systems used to re-synthesise. These 3 systems are: The Phosphocreatine system The Lactic acid system The Aerobic system The Adenosine tri phosphate Phosphocreatine system is what is used to provide energy to combine Adenosine Di Phosphate and Phosphate, the system is an anaerobic system and oxygen is not needed ,and is not there for this process. The equation for ATP-PC system is written below: PC = P + C + Energy (Exothermic) Energy + ADP + P = ATP (Endothermic) This is known as a coupled reaction, because the energy used from one reaction is used within another.

The phosphocreatine systems mass energy production per unit is 10 seconds worth of energy. One molecule of Adenosine Tri Phosphate is re-synthesised from One molecule of Phosphocreatine , after this process is complete it provides ten seconds of energy which is usually used for things like short distance sprinting, it is used for pretty much any high intensity activities, hitting a tennis ball at a high speed would be another prime example of this. This system is one of the two anaerobic systems within the three.

The lactic acid system is the other anaerobic system within the three , the major fuel for the lactic acid system is carbohydrates which are stored as glycogen in the muscles and the liver, and is converted into glucose via the enzyme glycogen phosphoralyze. The glucose is broken down through a process known as anaerobic glycolysis to pyruvic acid, which is where the energy is created. This part of the process causes two molecules of ATP to be re-synthesised or re-released. The pyruvic acid is then turned into lactic acid, this is due to lack of oxygen in the blood or the system. Lactic acid is made from the lack of oxygen within the pyruvic acid via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase Carbohydrate Glycogen Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid

The lactic acid system provides more energy that the pc system, simply because of the large amounts of glycogen. When there is a drop within the amount of pc levels within the body, the lactic acid system replaces the energy lost and begins to operate almost as a back up. The lactic acid system can re-synthesis enough energy for high intensity exercises lasting from 10secs to 180secs. For example a 400m race. The system takes longer than the pc system due to the amount of reactions that take place within the lactic acid system.

All in all 38 molecules of ATP can be re-synthesised from one molecule of glucose, the amount of exercise this can produce is extraordinary in comparison to the other systems, exercise can last for hours thanks to the aerobic system. This system causes no harm and no pain ,so unlike the lactic acid system this causes no pain or irritation within the body.

The aerobic system usually starts working after about 3 minutes because it takes a small while for the process to get around the body before it starts pumping oxygen through the muscles and achieving its peak of molecule production. The downside to this system is that, once it gets to really high intensities the body will naturally switch back to the lactic acid system, which is obviously inducing a small amount of pain.

Adenosine tri phosphate - Phosphocreatine system this system last for 2-10 seconds so the 100 metre sprint would be a good example of this, and the particular athlete that I think would be a prime example is Usain Bolt. Lactic acid system you could say 800 metres runners would use this, a prime example would be David Rudisha of Kenya. Aerobic system - You could say swimming because when you take in big breaths it may be classed as aerobic, but obviously it depends on the speed that you are swimming at. An athlete who would use this system would be Rebecca Adlington.

The reason that the phosphocreatine system would be used for things like table tennis are because it gives you a short burst of energy, so obviously you need sustained energy within any sport but when it comes to the smash or the serve which are two faster moves of table tennis itll give you that short burst that youd need. The fuel for this energy system would be ATP. The amount of ATPs re-synthesised within this system are one molecule of ATP per PC. The main reason the lactic acid system would be used is simply because that is the natural system that is used within the human body ,this would be good for sports like football, mainly because you can sustain performance and the speed you work at for an unlimited amount of time. The fuel for this energy system would most definitely be carbohydrates. The amount of ATPs re-synthesised within this system are 2 molecules of ATP per one molecule of glucose.

The main reason that the aerobic system would be used for long distance running because you need a lot of oxygen to keep a sustained performance and to keep energy levels at a peak. The fuel for this energy system would most likely be oxygen seeing as its to do with aerobic energy. The amount of ATPs re-synthesised within this system are 38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.