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Introduction
Antigen Substances capable of inducing a specific immune response
[1]
Immunogenicity
[2]
Antigenicity
Ability to combine specifically with the final product of the above responses (i.e antibodies and/or cell surface receptors) All molecules immunogenic are antigenic Reverse is not true
Example: Haptens = molecules that can bind to antibodies or surface receptors (antigenic). However, they cannot induce specific immune response alone (non immunogenic)
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hapten and carrier Hapten: substances which can combine with Ab, but cannot induce immune response independently. In another word, hapten only possess immunoreactivity. Carrier: hapten enhance the immunogenicity of
Haptens
[3]
Allerogenicity
Allergens = Immunogen that specifically activates humoral and/or cell-mediated responses with allergic manifestations
[4]
Tolerogenicity
ROLE OF ANTIGEN
Factors which affect response
Physical form of antigen
Favor tolerance
soluble, aggregate-free, simple small molecules, not processed Oral or, sometimes, intravenous Very large or very small dose
Route of injection
Dose of antigen
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Figure A-2
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1)
Foreignness
Ability of lymphocyte to recognise self antigen occurs during MATURATION Any molecule not exposed to immature lymphocytes during this critical period = nonself or foreign Degree of immunogenicity depends on degree of foreignness The greater the phylogenetic distance between two species, the greater the genetic and antigenic disparity between them
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2)
Molecular Weight
3)
Synthetic homopolymers (single amino acid or sugar) lack immunogenicity regardless of molecular weight. Copolymers composed of different amino acids are immunogenic
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Addition of aromatic amino acids (e.g. tyrosine or phenylalanine) increases immunogenicity Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins affect immunogenicity
4)
Degradability
Macromolecules that cannot be degraded and presented by APC are poor immunogens
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Polymers of D amino acids cannot b degraded by macrophage enzymes therefore poor immunogens Large, insoluble macromolecules more immunogenic than small soluble ones
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METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
Dose Route
Low dose failure to activate enough lymphocytes or induces nonresponsiveness High dose lymphocytes enter nonresposnsivess state Single dose usually not enough to induce reaction Require repeated doses over a period of weeks to induce a strong immune response Repeated dosing BOOSTER increases clonal proliferation of antigen-specific B or T cells.
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Intravenous administration carried first to spleen Subcutaneous = Move first to lymph nodes
This generated differences due to differences in residing populations of cells
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Adjuvants
Substances that enhance immunogenicity of antigen when mixed and injected with it e.g. Antibody response to influenza vaccine is higher and prolonged when vaccine is administered with an adjuvant
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Figure A-4
What is an Epitope?
Epitope: Any molecular structure that can be recognised by immune, or other, biological system T cell epitope: A short peptide that interacts with a T cell receptor while bound to a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule B cell epitope: Region of antigenic peptide bound by an antibody
TYPES OF ANTIGENS
Exogenous Antigens
1- Bacterial antigens:
a- Antigens related to bacterial cells - Somatic antigen (O): part of cell wall gm ve bacter. - Capsular antigen: usually polysaccharide - Flagellar Ag (H) : a protein made of flagellin - Fimbrial Ag: surface antigens in fimbriated bacilli b- Antigen secreted by bacteria:
- Exotoxins - Enzymes
TYPES OF ANTIGENS
Endogenous antigens
3) MHC molecules
ACCORDING TO THE DEPENDENCE OF T CELLS WHEN AGS INDUCE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
TD-Ag (thymus dependent Ag )
Most are polysaccharide Have more same or repeat determinants Only induce B cell to produce IgM Can not induce CMI No immune memory