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IMMUNOLOGY
Is the scientific study of the immune system and immune responses that involves complete interactions among many different types of the body cells and cell and cellular secretions.
Lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes
Natural Killer
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
T Lymphocytes
responsible for Cell-mediated Immunity (CMI) Thymus-derived lymphocytes found mainly in lymph nodes and spleen Has three cell types:
Helper T cells or Th cells Cytotoxic cells or Tc cells Suppressor T cells or Ts cells
Helper T cells
also known as T helper cells or Th helper cells Are regulatory cells that help B cells and other T cells to respond to an antigen by secreting lymphokines Contains a marker called CD4+ that are found on their surface
Cytotoxic T cells
also called T cytotoxic cells or Tc cells Capable of antigen-directed killing Contains a marker called CD8+ Important in the following:
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions Rejection of solid-organ transplants Immunity to certain bacteria and viruses Tumor immunity
Suppressor T cells
Also called T suppressor cells or Ts cells Act to suppress antibody production by B cells and partially control the T and B cell response
B Lymphocytes
= circulating
Originated at the fetal liver, spleen and adult bone marrow Differentiates into Plasma cells that circulates in the blood Plasma cells that are exposed to a foreign body or antigen secretes a product known as Immunoglobulins or antibodies
B Lymphocytes
Five isotypes of Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulin M or IgM Immunoglobulin G or IgG Immunoglobulin A or IgA Immunoglobulin E or IgE Immunoglobulin D or IgD
Antibodies
Special glycoproteins that are produced by B cells to recognize, bind with, inactivate, and destroy specific microbes.
Immunoglobulin Type IgM IgG IgA Function Immunoglobulin against acute infection Immunoglobulin against chronic infection Immunoglobulin that fights infection found in bodily secretions (saliva, sweat, tears, semen, sputum, vaginal fluid etc.) Immunoglobulin against allergic reactions No known functions
IgE IgD
Antibody Structure
Mononuclear Phagocytes
Widely distributed in the body Have different names according to their location Examples:
Histiocytes- found in connective tissues Kupffer cells- found in liver Alveolar macrphages- found in lungs
Complement System
is a plasma-based system of proteins that play a role in host-defense, inflammatory response and tissue injury Regulates: chemotaxis, opsonization, phagocytosis and cytolysis Can be classical and alternative pathway
Plasma Factors
Includes Kinin and Coagulation cascade Are additional plasma proteins that augments inflammatory reaction by producing factors hat increase vascular permeability and chemotaxis
Vasoactive Amines
Includes mast cells, basophils and platelets Important in early inflammatory reaction especially in hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)
Antigens
Antigens Refers to anything foreign that enters our body; non-self Antibody-generating substance. Substance that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies are said to be antigenic. Antigenic Determinants/ epitopes Surface capable of stimulating the production of antibodies.
IMMUNITY
Immune System
Primary function of Immune System is to: differentiate between self and nonself (something foreign) and destroy which is non self The discrimination between self and non-self and the subsequent destruction and removal of foreign material is accomplished by the two arms of the immune system: 1) The innate (natural or nonspecific) immune system 2) The adaptive (acquired or specific) immune system
Components Antigen presenting cells T-cells B-cells Antibodies Complement Characteristics * Action requires days to develop * Response is specific * Response is enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen
Immune Response
signifies all the properties of the host that confer resistance to a specific infectious agent. Primary Response - initial immune response to a particular antigen Secondary Response - increased production of antibodies after the exposure to the antigen.
Acquired immunity
occurs after exposure to antigen specific and is mediated by either antibodies or lymphoid cells
Acquired Immunity
Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of antibodies during ones lifetime The immunity may result from either a natural (immunity that is acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body) or artificial (Immunity that is acquired in response to vaccines) event If the person receives antibodies (rather producing it) that were produced by another person , or, in some cases, by an animal it is called passive acquired immunity If the antibodies are actually produced within the persons body, the immunity is called active
acquired immunity