Specific Host Defense Mechanism: Immunology

IMMUNOLOGY
Is the scientific study of the immune system and immune responses that involves complete interactions among many different types of the body cells and cell and cellular secretions.

The Lymphatic system

- is the site and
source of immune system activity. The cells involved in the immune responses originated in the bone marrow, from which most blood cells develop.

THREE LINES OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymphatic systems That are derived from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow.

Lymphocytes (B cells)

T lymphocytes

Natural Killer

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Cells Involved in Immune Response

T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells Mononuclear Phagocytes Mast cells and basophils Complement Sytem Plasma Factors Vasoactive amines

T Lymphocytes
responsible for Cell-mediated Immunity (CMI) Thymus-derived lymphocytes found mainly in lymph nodes and spleen Has three cell types:
Helper T cells or Th cells Cytotoxic cells or Tc cells Suppressor T cells or Ts cells

Helper T cells
also known as T helper cells or Th helper cells Are regulatory cells that help B cells and other T cells to respond to an antigen by secreting lymphokines Contains a marker called CD4+ that are found on their surface

Cytotoxic T cells
also called T cytotoxic cells or Tc cells Capable of antigen-directed killing Contains a marker called CD8+ Important in the following:
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions Rejection of solid-organ transplants Immunity to certain bacteria and viruses Tumor immunity

Suppressor T cells
Also called T suppressor cells or Ts cells Act to suppress antibody production by B cells and partially control the T and B cell response

Natural killer cells

Also called NK cells or Null cells Population of cytotoxic lymphocytes that lacks surface markers Requires cell-to-cell target killing of foreign body or antigen

B Lymphocytes

Responsible for Humoral Immunity (HI); also called B cells ; humoral

= circulating

Originated at the fetal liver, spleen and adult bone marrow Differentiates into Plasma cells that circulates in the blood Plasma cells that are exposed to a foreign body or antigen secretes a product known as Immunoglobulins or antibodies

B Lymphocytes
Five isotypes of Immunoglobulins: Immunoglobulin M or IgM Immunoglobulin G or IgG Immunoglobulin A or IgA Immunoglobulin E or IgE Immunoglobulin D or IgD

Antibodies
Special glycoproteins that are produced by B cells to recognize, bind with, inactivate, and destroy specific microbes.
Immunoglobulin Type IgM IgG IgA Function Immunoglobulin against acute infection Immunoglobulin against chronic infection Immunoglobulin that fights infection found in bodily secretions (saliva, sweat, tears, semen, sputum, vaginal fluid etc.) Immunoglobulin against allergic reactions No known functions

IgE IgD

Antibody Structure

Mononuclear Phagocytes
Widely distributed in the body Have different names according to their location Examples:
Histiocytes- found in connective tissues Kupffer cells- found in liver Alveolar macrphages- found in lungs

Mast cells and Basophils

produces chemical mediators of inflammation such as:
Histamine Heparin Chemotactic factor

Complement System
is a plasma-based system of proteins that play a role in host-defense, inflammatory response and tissue injury Regulates: chemotaxis, opsonization, phagocytosis and cytolysis Can be classical and alternative pathway

Plasma Factors
Includes Kinin and Coagulation cascade Are additional plasma proteins that augments inflammatory reaction by producing factors hat increase vascular permeability and chemotaxis

Vasoactive Amines
Includes mast cells, basophils and platelets Important in early inflammatory reaction especially in hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)

Antigens
Antigens Refers to anything foreign that enters our body; non-self Antibody-generating substance. Substance that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies are said to be antigenic. Antigenic Determinants/ epitopes Surface capable of stimulating the production of antibodies.

IMMUNITY

Immunity is the condition of being immune or resistant to a particular infectious disease

Immune System
Primary function of Immune System is to: differentiate between self and nonself (something foreign) and destroy which is non self The discrimination between self and non-self and the subsequent destruction and removal of foreign material is accomplished by the two arms of the immune system: 1) The innate (natural or nonspecific) immune system 2) The adaptive (acquired or specific) immune system

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Humoral Components Macrophages Granulocytes Natural killer cells Complement Other chemicals: HCL, Lysozyme Characteristics * Action is immediate * Response is non-specific * Response is not enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen Cell-mediated

Components Antigen presenting cells T-cells B-cells Antibodies Complement Characteristics * Action requires days to develop * Response is specific * Response is enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen

Immune Response
signifies all the properties of the host that confer resistance to a specific infectious agent. Primary Response - initial immune response to a particular antigen Secondary Response - increased production of antibodies after the exposure to the antigen.

Natural vs Acquired Immunity

Natural immunity
encompasses an immunity acquired during the normal biological experiences of an individual, not involving medical intervention resistance that is not acquired thru contact with an antigen non-specific and includes barriers to infectious agents

Acquired immunity
occurs after exposure to antigen specific and is mediated by either antibodies or lymphoid cells

Acquired Immunity
Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of antibodies during ones lifetime The immunity may result from either a natural (immunity that is acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body) or artificial (Immunity that is acquired in response to vaccines) event If the person receives antibodies (rather producing it) that were produced by another person , or, in some cases, by an animal it is called passive acquired immunity If the antibodies are actually produced within the persons body, the immunity is called active

acquired immunity

Four Types of Acquired Immunity

Natural Active Acquired Immunity Artificial Active Acquired Immunity Natural Passive Acquired Immunity Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity

Natural Active Acquired Immunity

Symptoms of the disease may or may not be present when these antibodies are formed Such resistance to infection may be:
permanent lasting for a persons entire lifetime or it may only be temporary

There is no immunity to reinfection after recovery from certain infectious diseases

Natural Active Acquired Immunity

Examples:
Bacterial infection: usually temporary immunity Viral illnesses: can be temporary or permanent immunity
Diseases with life-long immunity
Mumps Measles/ Rubeola German Measles/ Rubella Varicella (Chickenpox)

Fungal infection: temporary immunity Parasitic infection: temporary immunity

Artificial Active Acquired Immunity

This type of immunity results when a person receives a vaccine The administration of a vaccine stimulates a persons immune system to produce specific protective antibodies Examples:
Immunization of infants BCG, DPT, OPV, Hepa B, Measles

Natural Passive Acquired Immunity

Small antibodies present in the mothers blood cross the placenta to reach the fetus while it is in the uterus. Colostrum, the thin, milky fluid secreted by mammary glands a few days before and after delivery It contains maternal antibodies to protect the infant during the first months of life

Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity

It is accomplished by transferring antibodies from an immune person to a susceptible person Human gamma globulin or pooled immune serum globulin (ISG) antibodies taken from the blood of many immune people The ISG may be given to provide temporary protection against measles, mumps, polio, diptheria and hepatitis in people Examples:
Rabies Immunoglobulin Tetanus Immunoglobulin Hepatitis Immunoglobulin

TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Active acquired immunity Natural Active immunity
Acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body (i.e., in response to an actual infection)

Passive acquired immunity Natural Passive acquired immunity

Immunity that is required by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies in utero or by an infant when it receives maternal antibodies contained in colostrums.

Artificial Active acquired immunity

Immunity that is required in response to vaccines.

Artificial Passive required immunity

Acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin