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Oxidation Ponds
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Ponds are large earthen basins in which waste water is treated by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
Symbiosis
Algae
New Algae O2 Solar Energy CO2, NH3, PO4, H2O
New Bacteria
Aerobic Ponds
The aerobic pond is shallow pond in which light penetrates to the bottom there by maintaining active algal photosynthesis through out the entire system.
ALGAE
AEROBIC BACTERIA
Diurnal variation in DO concentration Diurnal variation in pH Extreme values of these, in either direction may be detrimental to microbial activity.
Design Considerations
Parameter
Depth in mts. Retention time (day)
Value
0.15-.5 2-6
100-200
80-90 100-200 0.2-2.0
150-350
Problems
Nuisance vegetation Inhibitory temperatures Oxygen retention Shock loads
Anaerobic Ponds
These ponds requires no D.O. for microbial activity as the organisms use O2 from compounds such as NO3, SO4 as their hydrogen acceptors and give end product such as methane, carbon dioxide etc.
H2O, CO2
Organic Wastes
Bacterial Cells
Bacterial Cells
Facultative Ponds
These are neither fully aerobic nor fully anaerobic. They are often about 1 to 2 m in depth and favor algal growth along with the growth of aerobic, anaerobic and facultative microorganisms. Such ponds are predominantly aerobic during day light as well as for some hours of the light. In the few remaining hours the pond bottom may turn anaerobic.
Wind
Sunligh t alga e O2 Aerobic Bacteria Organic acids & Compounds of C, N, P, S Biomass Biomass Aerobic Anaerobi c Zone Anaerobi c Zone
(CO2, NO2, PO4, SO4)
CO2
Facultative Zone
Applications
Type of Ponds
Aerobic
Applications
Nutrient removal, treatment of soluble organic waste & effluents from waste water treatment plants.
Anaerobic
Facultative
DO level in the pond during night & early morning hours was almost zero. BOD removal efficiency was only 50-58% BOD loading rate was 91.20 kg/day as compared to the design BOD of 81kg/day. Black effluent was found exerting very high BOD values of 80-110mg/l.
LAGOONS
Lagoons are deep waste stabilization ponds -like bodies of water or basins designed to receive, hold, and treat wastewater for a predetermined period of time by artificial means of aeration. In the lagoon, wastewater is treated through a combination of physical, biological, and chemical processes.
TYPES OF LAGOONS
According to the microbial activity in the aerated lagoonsAerobic aerated lagoons. Facultative aerated lagoons.
Dissolved oxygen is present throughout much of the depth of aerobic lagoons. They tend to be much shallower than other lagoons. They are better suited for warm, sunny climates, where they are less likely to freeze.
HRT = 2 to 3 days.
Three types of zones are present Aerobic Zone. Anaerobic Zone. Facultative Zone. HRT is higher than aerobic lagoons because time requires for the solids to settle and for many pathogens viruses to either die off or settle out.
Each lagoon cell has a different function to perform, and a different kind of lagoon design may be used for each cell.
In Series
When lagoons operate in series, more of the solid material in the wastewater, such as algae, has an opportunity to settle out before the effluent is disposed of.
In Parallel
This system design is particularly useful in cold climates or where lagoons are covered with ice for parts of the year
Misleading Parameters
The first myth is that effluent BOD5 measures the biodegradable carbonaceous material in the effluent The second myth is that the effluent BOD5, or CBOD5, is the residual of the BOD5 in the influent to the lagoon.
Applicability
Type of Lagoon
Aerobic Lagoon
Application
Municipal and industrial wastewaters of low to medium strength.
Facultative Lagoon
Treated raw, screened, or primary settled municipal wastewater and biodegradable industrial wastewaters.
Limitations
For Aerated Lagoons Aerated lagoons may experience ice formation on the water surface during cold weather periods Reduced rates of biological activity also occur during cold weather Formation of ice on Floating Aerators. For facultative Lagoons The inability of the process to meet a 30 mg/L limit for TSS due to the presence of algae in the effluent. Odors may be a problem in the spring and fall during periods of excessive algal blooms and unfavorable weather conditions
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